UPMSP High School Punjabi flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Gadya (ਗਦਯ) meaning

Punjabi term for prose. In the exam it labels the prose section, which tests comprehension, inference, vocabulary in context, and knowledge of prescribed lessons and their authors.

ਮੁੱਖ ਭਾਵ (main theme)

The central idea of a prose lesson or poem. Theme questions ask for this idea stated in one sentence, not for a retelling of events or dialogue.

ਲੇਖਕ vs ਵਕਤਾ

ਲੇਖਕ is the author; ਵਕਤਾ is the narrator or speaker within the text. In first-person essays their views can differ, so do not assume the narrator voices the author.

ਸਾਰ (summary) of prose

A compressed restatement of a text's sequence of main ideas. It omits dialogue detail and examples and keeps roughly the paragraph weighting of the original.

Kavita (ਕਵਿਤਾ) meaning

Punjabi term for poetry. The poetry section tests theme, central emotion (ਰਸ), poetic devices (ਅਲੰਕਾਰ), the poet's message, and line explanation.

ਉਪਮਾ (upma)

Simile. A comparison marked explicitly by words such as ਵਾਂਗ or ਜਿਵੇਂ, where the two things compared stay distinct rather than being identified with each other.

ਰੂਪਕ (rupak)

Metaphor. The poet directly identifies one thing with another without a comparison marker, so the image states that X is Y rather than X is like Y.

ਅਨੁਪ੍ਰਾਸ (anupraas)

Alliteration. Repetition of the same initial consonant sound across nearby words, used for musical effect and named when a question asks for poetic devices.

ਭਾਵ ਸਪੱਸ਼ਟੀਕਰਨ

Line explanation. The answer restates the quoted line in simple prose and then states the underlying idea it conveys; both steps are needed for full credit.

ਤੁਕਾਂਤ (rhyme)

End-sound repetition across verse lines. Identify it by matching final sounds of line endings before commenting on rhythm or metre.

ਪੁਲਿੰਗ / ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ

Masculine and feminine grammatical gender in Punjabi. Gender affects adjective and verb endings, and it does not always map onto Hindi or English expectations.

Genitive ਦਾ / ਦੀ / ਦੇ

Possessive postposition that agrees with the possessed noun, not the possessor. Thus ਮੁੰਡੇ ਦੀ ਕਿਤਾਬ (the boy's book) but ਮੁੰਡੇ ਦਾ ਘਰ (the boy's house).

ਨੇ (agentive postposition)

Marks the subject of a perfective transitive verb. In such sentences the verb agrees with the object, as in ਕੁੜੀ ਨੇ ਗੀਤ ਗਾਇਆ.

ਕਾਰਕ (case) in Punjabi

Grammatical case, expressed mainly by postpositions: ਨੇ agentive, ਨੂੰ dative-accusative, ਦਾ/ਦੀ/ਦੇ genitive, ਤੋਂ ablative, ਵਿੱਚ locative, ਨਾਲ instrumental.

ਇਕਵਚਨ / ਬਹੁਵਚਨ

Singular and plural number. Many masculine nouns ending in -ਾ take -ੇ in the plural (ਮੁੰਡਾ → ਮੁੰਡੇ), while feminine nouns ending in -ੀ often change little.

ਸਮਾਨਾਰਥਕ / ਵਿਰੋਧੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ

Synonyms and antonyms. These exam items come from prescribed word lists, so accuracy depends on memorising the listed pairs rather than inferring meanings.

ਅਧਿਕਾਰਤ ਪੱਤਰ (formal letter)

Official letter requiring sender address, date, receiver designation, subject line (ਵਿਸ਼ਾ), salutation, body, closing and signature. Omitting the subject line costs marks.

ਅਰਜ਼ੀ (application) frame

Standard application layout: ਸੇਵਾ ਵਿੱਚ plus recipient, then subject, a respectful request body, and the signature line labelled ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥੀ for the applicant.

ਲੇਖ (essay) structure

Introduction naming the topic, two or three body paragraphs each carrying one point with an example, and a conclusion that returns explicitly to the topic.

ਕਹਾਣੀ ਲੇਖਨ (story writing)

Story composition requiring a setting, a complication, a turning point and a resolution. If the prompt asks for a moral, state it explicitly at the end.

ਸੂਚਨਾ (notice) format

Short formal announcement judged on conventions: a heading, date and place, a brief body giving what, when and where, and an issuing authority line.

Precis writing rule

Keep only the main argument of the passage, drop examples and repetition, write in the third person, and add no information absent from the original.

ਅਣਦੇਖਿਆ ਗਦਯ (unseen passage)

A passage not from the prescribed textbook. Every answer must be traceable to a specific line; plausible answers without textual support are marked wrong.

ਸਿਰਲੇਖ (title) question

Asks for a short phrase naming the passage's central subject. A full sentence or a quotation from the text is not an acceptable title.

Negation traps in comprehension

Words such as ਨਹੀਂ (not) and quantifiers like ਸਾਰੇ, ਕੁਝ, ਕੋਈ reverse or limit meaning. Check them before marking true/false or fill-in items.

Functional text reading

Notices, advertisements, timetables and forms are read for specific data such as time, place, fee or eligibility, not summarised as a whole passage.

Inference question rule

The answer must follow necessarily from facts stated in the passage. General knowledge from outside the text does not justify an inference answer.

Kissa (ਕਿੱਸਾ) genre

A narrative romance in verse, conventionally tragic. Waris Shah's Heer is the standard reference point for the form in Punjabi literary history.

ਵਿਰਹਾ (viraha) imagery

Separation longing. In Sufi and Bhagti poetry the lover's pain of separation from the beloved symbolises the soul's longing for the divine.

Bulleh Shah

Punjabi Sufi poet associated with the Kafi form and with egalitarian, anti-ritualistic verse. His poems are frequent sources for message-of-the-poet questions.

ਪੈਂਤੀ ਅੱਖਰ (35 letters)

The thirty-five primary letters of the Gurmukhi script, supplemented by auxiliary vowel signs and diacritics. Script structure is a standard factual exam item.

ਪ੍ਰਗਤੀਸ਼ੀਲ (progressive) poetry

Twentieth-century Punjabi poetic trend moving from devotional and romantic themes toward social reform, the freedom struggle and progressive social concerns.