UPMSP High School Kashmiri flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Markazi khayal

The central idea or main theme of a prose lesson or poem. In Nasar answers, state it in one sentence, then quote one supporting line from the text.

Lafzi aur maqsadi maani

Literal meaning versus intended meaning. A complete prose answer gives both: what the sentence says and what the author wants the reader to understand.

Tashreeh of a prose line

Explanation of a quoted line. Name the lesson, the speaker, and the situation first, then explain the sense and its link to the lesson's theme.

Character sketch method

For Nasar character questions, follow trait–evidence–effect: state the trait, quote textual proof, and explain how it advances the lesson's message.

Author attribution marks

UPMSP prose answers often award marks for correctly naming the author and work. Memorise the pairing for every prescribed lesson before the exam.

Tashbeeh

Simile in Urdu poetry: an explicit comparison using words such as 'jaise' or 'ki tarah'. Identify both compared things when explaining the device in a Nazm answer.

Istiara

Metaphor: an implied comparison without 'jaise'. In poetry appreciation, explain what is transferred and what effect the transfer creates in the verse.

Radif and qafiya

Qafiya is the rhyming word before the radif; radif is the repeated refrain after it. Mention both only when the question asks about rhyme scheme.

Markazi khayal of a Nazm

The poem's core message condensed to one sentence. Support it with two verses quoted accurately, then explain how each verse develops that message.

Tajnees

Wordplay using words alike in form but different in meaning. In appreciation answers, name the device and show the two words side by side.

Ism-e-khas

A proper noun naming a specific person, place, or thing, such as a city or a person's name. It is definite by nature and does not take the definite article.

Ism-e-nakra

A common, indefinite noun referring to any member of a class rather than a specific one. It contrasts with ism-e-ma'rifa, which is definite.

Fael-verb agreement rule

The verb agrees with the subject. With a non-human plural subject in Urdu, the verb stays feminine singular, e.g. 'kitaben mez par rakhi hain'.

Maazi, haal, mustaqbil

The three tenses: past, present, future. The auxiliary 'tha/thi/the' marks past; 'raha hai' marks present continuous; 'ga/gi/ge' marks future.

Harf-e-jarr

Preposition such as 'mein', 'par', 'se', 'tak', 'ka/ki/ke'. It links a noun to the rest of the sentence and governs the case of the following noun.

Muhavara usage

An idiom whose meaning is figurative, not literal. In Qawaid answers, use it inside a complete sentence; a bare translation is not accepted as the answer.

Irregular plurals in Urdu

Some nouns form plurals unpredictably: admi becomes admiyon, aurat becomes aurton, kitab becomes kitaben. Memorise these rather than applying a single rule.

Sifat-mausuf order

In Urdu the adjective (sifat) normally follows the noun (mausuf), unlike English. Correction questions often test this reversed word order.

Mazmoon structure

Three-part essay: tamheed (introduction), tafseel (body), natija (conclusion). The introduction states the stance; the conclusion restates it without new arguments.

Discourse markers in Mazmoon

Connectors that signal paragraph logic: 'sab se pehle', 'is ke ilawa', 'doosri taraf', 'is ke bar-aks', 'aakhir mein'. They carry coherence marks in essay marking.

Tafseeli mazmoon

An expository essay that explains a topic through definition, causes, effects, and examples. It avoids personal anecdote as the main support and ends with a balanced conclusion.

Word-limit planning

For a 200–250 word essay, plan five paragraphs of roughly 40–50 words each. This keeps the body balanced and leaves room for introduction and conclusion.

Darkhwast format

Formal application layout: sender address, date, receiver designation, subject line, salutation, body, closing, signature. The subject is a short noun phrase, not a sentence.

Subject line (mauzu)

A brief noun phrase placed before the salutation in a formal letter, stating the letter's purpose. It is never a full sentence and never omitted.

Formal closing formulas

Standard endings for applications: 'Aap ka wafadar' or 'Aap ki farmabardar'. Informal letters instead use 'Aap ka aziz' followed by the writer's name.

Application body pattern

Three sentences in order: state the problem, state the request, state the expected action. This pattern keeps the application short and earns structure marks.

Meaning-for-meaning translation

Translate sense rather than words. Idiomatic equivalence outranks literal equivalence, so restructure the sentence when the literal version sounds unnatural in the target language.

Aspect in translation

Urdu 'raha hai' maps to English present continuous, not simple present. Preserve tense and aspect rather than translating each word separately.

Transliteration of proper nouns

Names, places, dates, and numbers are transliterated, not translated. Keep the original spelling in Latin script and do not substitute an equivalent name.

False cognates in Tarjuma

Words like 'darasal' (actually), 'bazahir' (apparently), and 'ila-wa' (besides) do not map to their apparent English lookalikes. Learn them as fixed equivalents.

Two-pass reading of unseen passage

First pass: identify the markazi khayal. Second pass: note details for tafseel questions. Answer in your own words; copied phrases lose marks.

Vocabulary in context

For unseen-passage word items, give the meaning as used in that passage, not the dictionary's first sense. Confirm the part of speech before choosing a synonym.