UPMSP High School Kashmiri key terms

The prose section of the Kashmiri course, covering short stories, sketches and essays; candidates read these texts for meaning, theme and character, and answer textual questions about them.

The poetry section of the course; candidates study verse texts for central idea, imagery, tone and the poet's message, and explain lines in their own words.

The grammar and language-structure part of the paper, testing correct usage, word classes, sentence construction, gender and number agreement, and idiomatic expression in Kashmiri.

A structured essay on a given topic, written in paragraphs with an introduction, body and conclusion; marked for relevance, organisation, vocabulary and correctness of language.

A letter written to a relative, friend or editor in the prescribed informal or semi-formal layout, including salutation, body, closing and signature.

A formal application addressed to an authority such as a headmaster or officer, requesting leave, admission, a certificate or redress; written in fixed formal register with a subject line.

Translation work in which a passage is rendered from Kashmiri into Urdu or English, or the reverse, keeping meaning, tense and tone faithful to the original.

Comprehension of an unseen passage: reading it silently, identifying the main idea, and answering questions on fact, inference and vocabulary in complete sentences.

Explanation of a poetic or prose passage in the candidate's own words, unpacking literal meaning, imagery and underlying idea rather than merely repeating the text.

Critical appreciation or commentary on a literary text, discussing its theme, structure, style and effect, and supporting each judgement with evidence from the passage itself.

The noun class in Kashmiri grammar: a word naming a person, place, thing or idea, further classified by gender, number and whether it is proper, common or abstract.

The verb in Kashmiri grammar, expressing an action or state; candidates must identify tense, person and number agreement between verb and subject in a sentence.

A particle or function word such as a postposition, conjunction or interjection, which carries grammatical relation rather than independent meaning and links other words in the sentence.

An adjective: a word describing or qualifying a noun, which in Kashmiri normally precedes the noun and may agree with it in gender and number.

The antonym relation in vocabulary questions, where the candidate must supply a word of opposite meaning to the given word, respecting register and grammatical class.

A word as a unit of vocabulary; questions on lafz test spelling, correct usage in context, and the ability to supply a synonym or antonym for a given item.

An idiom: a fixed multi-word expression whose meaning cannot be derived from its parts; candidates must use it correctly in a sentence or explain its sense.

Metaphor: a figure in which one thing is described as if it were another, without an explicit comparison marker; recognising it is central to poetry appreciation.

Simile: an explicit comparison between two things using a comparison word such as 'like' or 'as', used to sharpen description in both poetry and prose.

Metre: the measured pattern of long and short syllables underlying a Kashmiri verse line; a candidate may be asked to identify whether lines share the same metre.

The rhyme element recurring at the end of verse lines, following the radif; identifying it helps describe the sound pattern and unity of a poem.

The repeated word or phrase that comes after the rhyme at the end of each verse line, giving a poem its refrain-like cohesion.

The central idea or theme of a text: the main point the writer or poet develops, which a candidate must state clearly and then support with textual detail.

A short narrative or story, typically with characters, a setting and a moral or turning point; a common prose genre in the Nasar section.

A character in a story or sketch; questions may ask the candidate to describe a character's traits and to justify that description from the text.

A questionnaire or set of questions; in the exam it refers to the printed question paper, whose instructions on choice and marks must be read carefully before answering.

A sentence: a complete unit of meaning containing a subject and predicate; grammar items ask candidates to correct, combine or expand jumlas.

Number in grammar, singular or plural; candidates must apply correct singular and plural forms of nouns and matching verb forms in written answers.

Grammatical gender in Kashmiri, masculine or feminine; correct gender assignment determines the form of accompanying adjectives and verbs.

A proverb: a short traditional saying expressing accepted wisdom; candidates may be asked to explain one or to use it appropriately in a sentence.

A summary or precis of a passage, condensing its main points into brief connected prose without adding opinion or copying long stretches of the original.

An official letter written to a department or office in formal register, with a clear subject, reference to the matter, and a polite closing.

The date written in a letter or application; its correct placement and format are part of the layout marks in composition questions.

The title or heading of an essay or passage, and in a formal application the subject line stating the purpose of the request in a few words.

The introductory paragraph of an essay, which defines the topic and announces the line of discussion before the main body begins.

The concluding part of an essay or answer, drawing the discussion together and offering a final judgement without introducing fresh material.

Explanation or elaboration in an answer; marks are earned by expanding a point with reasons and examples rather than stating it in a single bare sentence.

A habitual practice or custom of a people, often discussed in prose essays on social life; the word appears in comprehension vocabulary questions.