UPMSP High School Sindhi key terms

Sindhi prose: continuous written text such as essays, sketches, short stories and biographical pieces, studied for theme, structure and author's purpose rather than line-by-line recitation.

Sindhi poetry: verse compositions including geet, kafi, bait and doha, studied for metre, rhyme, imagery and emotional effect on the reader or listener.

An essay or prose composition organised around one central idea, with an introduction, supporting paragraphs and a conclusion, written either as a lesson in the textbook or by the candidate in the exam.

A short story with plot, characters, setting and a turning point, often ending in a moral or surprise; candidates are asked about theme, character motive and the lesson it conveys.

A character in a prose lesson or story; describing a character means naming the qualities the text shows through that person's actions, speech and treatment of others.

The central subject or message of a lesson or poem, stated in one clear sentence; identifying it correctly is the first step in answering comprehension and appreciation questions.

The author's purpose: the reason a writer composed the piece, such as to instruct, inspire patriotism, expose a social evil, or preserve a cultural memory.

The author of a prose work; exam questions may ask for the writer's name, period and the language or dialect in which the original was composed.

A poet; candidates should be able to match prescribed poems to their poets and say briefly what each poet is known for in Sindhi literary history.

A classical Sindhi verse form, especially associated with Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, usually carrying a Sufi or moral meaning beneath a surface narrative about love or travel.

A lyrical Sindhi poem meant for singing, built on a refrain with changing verses; often devotional, with repeated lines that carry the central emotional appeal.

A short two-line Sindhi couplet form, usually complete in itself and ending with a proverb-like or moral reflection that is easy to remember.

Metre: the measured pattern of stressed and unstressed or long and short syllables that gives a poem its rhythm; reciting a verse aloud helps identify a fault in metre.

Rhyme: the matching final sound shared by verse lines, which marks the end of each line and holds the poem together musically.

A repeated word or phrase placed immediately after the rhyme in successive lines of a poem, giving emphasis and a refrain-like effect.

Simile: an explicit comparison introduced by words meaning 'like' or 'as', used in poetry and prose to make description vivid and concrete.

Metaphor: a comparison stated without 'like' or 'as', in which one thing is described as if it were another, adding depth to poetic meaning.

Imagery: the word-picture a poem or prose passage creates through sensory detail, appealing to sight, sound, smell or touch.

The title of a lesson or poem; a good title is short, relevant and hints at the central idea, so candidates are often asked to suggest or justify one.

A summary or précis of a passage, written in the candidate's own words, keeping the main points in order and leaving out examples and repetition.

To summarise or condense: reducing a longer passage to about one-third of its length while preserving its argument, without copying whole sentences from the original.

Meaning or sense: the idea a word, sentence or passage conveys, which candidates must explain in their own Sindhi rather than merely repeating the text.

Noun: a word naming a person, place, thing or quality. In Sindhi grammar nouns are classified by gender and number, and their endings change in the plural.

Pronoun: a word standing in place of a noun, such as مان (I) and تون (you); choosing the correct pronoun affects verb agreement in a Sindhi sentence.

Verb: the word that reports an action or state, carrying tense, person and number; Sindhi verbs agree with the subject and often change their ending accordingly.

Tense: the time reference of a verb. Sindhi marks present, past and future, and also distinguishes completed from continuing action.

Grammatical gender: in Sindhi every noun is masculine or feminine, and the gender controls the form of adjectives and verbs used with it.

Grammatical number: singular or plural. Sindhi nouns and verbs change form between the two, and irregular plurals must be memorised.

Sentence: a group of words expressing a complete thought. Sindhi sentences are analysed into subject, object and verb, with the verb normally placed last.

Proverb: a fixed, traditional Sindhi saying carrying practical wisdom; candidates should be able to give its meaning and use it correctly in a sentence.

Idiom: a fixed phrase whose overall meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, so its sense must be learnt as a whole.

Synonyms: two or more words with closely similar meanings, such as words for 'water' or 'friend'; exam items ask candidates to supply or match them.

Antonyms: words with opposite meanings, such as 'light' and 'dark' or 'rich' and 'poor'; identifying them tests vocabulary range.

Vocabulary: the stock of words a candidate commands, built from prescribed lessons and poems, including spellings, meanings and correct usage in sentences.

Translation: rendering a passage faithfully from Sindhi into Urdu or English, or the reverse, keeping the meaning and tone rather than translating word for word.

A letter: formal correspondence with a fixed layout of sender's address, date, salutation, body, closing and signature; informal letters to relatives are also prescribed.

A formal application, usually to a headmaster or official, written in a set format stating the request, the reason and a polite closing.

Composition: original writing by the candidate, such as an essay, letter, application or story, assessed for content, organisation, language and presentation.

An unseen prose passage supplied in the exam, followed by questions on its main idea, details, word meanings and implied conclusion, answered from the passage alone.