UPMSP High School Home Science (for Boys) key terms

A group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption who live together and share resources, responsibilities, and emotional bonds. It is the basic social unit in which children are raised.

A household made up of a married couple and their dependent children only. It is smaller, more mobile, and often found in urban settings where earning members move for work.

A household in which parents, their married sons or daughters, grandchildren, and sometimes other relatives live together and share a common kitchen and property. Elders often guide decisions and childcare.

A diet that supplies all required nutrients in correct proportion and adequate amounts for a person's age, sex, and activity level. It includes cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, milk, and fats in suitable quantities.

A substance in food that the body uses for energy, growth, repair, or regulation of body processes. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water are the six classes.

A nutrient made of amino acids that builds and repairs body tissues, makes enzymes and hormones, and supports growth. Pulses, milk, eggs, fish, and meat are rich sources.

The indigestible part of plant foods such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. It adds bulk to the diet, prevents constipation, and helps control blood sugar and cholesterol levels.

Deciding in advance what dishes will be cooked for each meal over a period, keeping in mind nutrition, budget, season, available foods, and family preferences. It saves time, money, and effort.

An illness caused by lack of a specific nutrient over time, such as anaemia from iron shortage or night blindness from vitamin A shortage. It is prevented by a varied balanced diet.

Treating food so that it stays safe and usable for a longer time by slowing or stopping the growth of microorganisms. Methods include drying, salting, pickling, refrigeration, and canning.

Change in food that makes it unfit to eat, caused by bacteria, yeast, mould, enzymes, insects, or improper storage. Signs include bad smell, slime, discolouration, and off-flavour.

Transfer of harmful germs from raw food, dirty hands, or unclean utensils to ready-to-eat food. It is prevented by washing hands, using separate boards, and keeping raw and cooked foods apart.

Practices that keep food clean and safe at every stage: buying, storing, preparing, cooking, and serving. It includes handwashing, clean utensils, safe water, and covering food.

Precautions that prevent and control kitchen fires, such as keeping flammable items away from the stove, turning pot handles inward, never leaving cooking unattended, and knowing how to smother a pan fire.

Measures taken to prevent accidents in the kitchen, including safe handling of knives and hot vessels, proper storage of cleaning agents, good lighting, and keeping the floor dry and uncluttered.

The basic thread-like unit from which yarn and fabric are made. Natural fibres come from plants, animals, or minerals; man-made fibres are produced chemically from substances such as cellulose or petroleum.

A continuous strand made by twisting fibres together so they hold as one. Yarn is woven, knitted, or otherwise converted into fabric; twist and thickness affect strength and texture.

Making fabric by interlacing two sets of yarn, lengthwise warp and crosswise weft, on a loom. The pattern of interlacing determines the fabric's appearance, strength, and drape.

A tag attached to a garment giving instructions for washing, bleaching, drying, ironing, and dry cleaning. Following it protects the fabric and prevents shrinkage, colour loss, and damage.

The correct handling of textiles during washing, drying, ironing, and storage so they last longer and keep their colour and shape. It depends on fibre type, colour fastness, and construction.

Treating a spot on fabric soon after it forms, using the right method for the stain and fabric. Blotting, cold water for protein stains, and gentle agents prevent setting and damage.

Anything used to achieve a goal, including time, money, energy, skills, knowledge, and material goods. Home management aims to use these resources wisely to meet family needs and wants.

Reorganising a task to finish it with less time, energy, and fatigue, by removing unnecessary steps, combining jobs, or improving tools and layout. It is especially useful for repetitive household work.

Planning and controlling how time is spent so that important tasks are completed without hurry. Tools include lists, timetables, prioritising, and grouping similar jobs together.

A plan of expected income and expenditure for a fixed period, usually a month. It helps a family control spending, save for goals, and avoid debt by matching expenses to income.

Designing work, tools, and furniture to fit the human body, reducing strain and injury. In the home it means work surfaces at the right height, good lighting, and comfortable posture.

Arranging rooms, furniture, and storage so that activities can be carried out comfortably and movement is easy. It considers the number of users, zone sizes, and circulation paths.

The imaginary path joining the kitchen sink, cooking stove, and refrigerator. A short, unobstructed triangle reduces walking and effort during food preparation.

Beautifying and furnishing the inside of a home through colour, texture, lighting, furniture arrangement, and accessories while keeping it functional for the people who use it.

A planned combination of colours used in a room to create a desired mood and unity. Common schemes are monochromatic, analogous, complementary, and neutral with accents.

Growth is measurable increase in body size; development is progressive gain in skills and abilities such as sitting, walking, and talking. Both follow an orderly sequence but vary in rate between children.

A skill or behaviour most children achieve within an expected age range, such as sitting with support by about six months or speaking simple words by one year. It helps identify delays early.

A freely chosen activity that gives a child enjoyment while building physical, mental, social, and emotional skills. Play types include solitary, parallel, cooperative, and imaginative.

Daily habits that keep the body clean and healthy, such as bathing, brushing teeth, washing hands, and wearing clean clothes. It prevents infection and skin problems.

Immediate, simple care given to an injured or suddenly ill person before professional help arrives. It aims to preserve life, prevent worsening, and promote recovery.

Protecting a person from a disease by giving a vaccine that stimulates the body's defence system. Childhood schedules protect against diseases such as measles, polio, and tuberculosis.

Cleaning hands with soap and running water, especially before eating or cooking and after using the toilet. Done properly, it is one of the cheapest ways to prevent disease spread.

Protections given to buyers of goods and services, including safety, correct information, choice, fair price, and redress for defective products. They help a consumer act against unfair trade practices.

Money set aside from income for future needs or emergencies instead of being spent now. Regular saving, small or large, gives financial security and helps meet long-term goals.

The part of a family's income set aside for buying food. Planning it with seasonal, local, and nutritious foods helps provide a balanced diet without overspending.