UPMSP Class 12 Sindhi flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Sindhi script direction

Sindhi is written in the Perso-Arabic script from right to left. Letters join within a word, and dots distinguish otherwise similar shapes, so direction and dotting both matter for reading and spelling.

Number of Sindhi letters

The standard Sindhi alphabet has 52 letters. It extends the Arabic base with additional letters for retroflex and aspirated sounds, such as ڪ، ڳ، ڱ، ڇ، ٺ، ڀ، ٿ، ڏ، ڙ، ڻ.

Retroflex consonants

Sounds produced with the tongue curled back, written ٽ، ڏ، ڙ، ڻ and related forms. They are separate phonemes in Sindhi, so replacing them with dental equivalents changes the word's meaning.

Aspirated consonants

Consonants pronounced with a puff of air, written with an extra loop or h-element: ڀ، ڦ، ٿ، ڌ، ڇ، جھ، کھ، گھ. Aspiration is phonemic, so ڀ (bh) and ب (b) are different letters with different meanings.

اسم (noun)

A naming word for a person, place, thing, or idea. Sindhi grammar classifies nouns by kind (proper, common, collective, abstract), by gender (masculine/feminine), and by number (singular/plural).

مذڪر ۽ مونث

Masculine and feminine grammatical gender. Every Sindhi noun has a fixed gender that may differ from natural gender, and adjectives, pronouns, and verbs must agree with it in a sentence.

واحد ۽ جمع

Singular and plural number. Sindhi plurals are formed by endings such as -ن or -ون and by internal vowel change; irregular plurals like ڇوڪرو to ڇوڪرا must be memorised individually.

ضمير (pronoun)

A word standing in place of a noun, such as آئون (I), تون (you), هو (he), هي (she), اسان (we). Sindhi pronouns change form for person, number, gender, and case.

فعل ۽ زمانا

Verb and tenses. Sindhi verbs inflect for person, number, and gender, and the main tense forms are present, past, and future, with continuous and perfective aspects built from participles plus auxiliaries.

حرف جي ڪار (postposition)

A word placed after a noun to show its relation to others, such as ۾ (in), تي (on), کان (from), سان (with), and جو/جي/جا (of). The form of جو agrees with the following noun.

جو، جي، جا

The possessive postposition meaning of. Its form matches the gender and number of the possessed noun, not the possessor: ڇوڪرو جو ڪتاب, ڇوڪري جي ڪاپي, ڇوڪرن جا قلم.

جملو (sentence)

A complete utterance with a subject and predicate. Sindhi word order is generally subject-object-verb, and the verb agrees with the subject except in perfective transitive constructions, where it agrees with the object.

محاورو (idiom)

A fixed phrase whose meaning is figurative rather than literal, such as اکيون ڦيرڻ or هٿ ڌوئي پويان پوڻ. Exam items ask for the meaning and for correct use in a sentence.

چوڻي (proverb)

A short traditional saying expressing a general truth or piece of folk wisdom. Proverbs are tested for meaning and for the situation in which they would be appropriately used.

هم معنيٰ (synonym)

A word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another, for example سج and آفتاب, or گهر and منزل. Synonym items ask the candidate to select the closest equivalent from the options.

متضاد (antonym)

A word with the opposite meaning to another, such as ڊگهو (long) and ننڍو (short), or اڇو (white) and ڪارو (black). Antonym items test vocabulary range from the prescribed lessons.

مرڪزي خيال (central idea)

The main thought or message a poem or prose piece conveys. Poetry questions often ask the candidate to state it in one or two sentences and support it with a quoted line.

تشريح (explanation of lines)

A paraphrase-plus-commentary task: the candidate restates the given lines in simple prose, then explains the imagery, sentiment, and poetic device used, ending with the underlying message.

خلاصو (summary)

A condensed restatement of a passage in the candidate's own words, covering all main points without examples or personal opinion. It is normally about one-third the length of the original.

مضمون (essay)

A structured composition of roughly 200 to 250 words with an introduction, developed body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Marks depend on relevance, organisation, grammar, and correct spelling.

خط (letter)

A written communication in prescribed format: place and date, salutation, body, closing, and signature. Formal letters use respectful address; informal letters use familiar address to relatives or friends.

سڌي ۽ اڻ سڌي ڳالهه

Direct and indirect speech. Conversion changes pronouns, tense, and the reporting verb, and removes quotation marks; time and place words like اڄ and هتي shift to their reported equivalents.

لفظ سازي (word formation)

Building new words from roots by adding prefixes and suffixes or by compounding. Recognising the root helps in spelling, in deducing meaning, and in grammar items on derived forms.

صنعت تشبيه (simile)

A figure of speech comparing two things explicitly, usually with a word meaning like or as. The candidate identifies the compared pair and names the device when asked in poetry questions.

صنعت استعاره (metaphor)

A figure of speech in which one thing is described as if it were another, without an explicit comparison word. Identification requires quoting the words that carry the transferred meaning.

ترجمو (translation)

Rendering a sentence or short passage from Sindhi into Hindi or English, or the reverse. The test is grammatical accuracy and natural word order, not word-for-word substitution.

فهم/ادراڪ (comprehension)

Reading an unseen or prescribed passage and answering questions on it. Answers should be complete Sindhi sentences in the candidate's own words, reusing key terms from the passage.

ڪلاسيڪي ۽ جديد دور

The classical and modern periods of Sindhi literature. Knowing which period a poet belongs to supports identification items and questions on the poet's language, themes, and style.

ڪردار نگاري (character sketch)

A description of a character covering appearance or social position, a defining action or speech, and the lesson the character conveys. Quoting a short line from the text strengthens the answer.

سبق (moral of a lesson)

The teaching a prose piece conveys, usually stated in one sentence at the end of an answer. It should follow from the events described, not be a general precept unrelated to the text.

اردو-سنڌي رسم الخط جا نشان

Punctuation marks in Sindhi writing: full stop, comma (،), question mark (؟), and quotation marks. Correct punctuation carries grammar marks and prevents misreading of sentences.

امتحان جو وقت ورڇ

Time allocation in the three-hour paper: objective items first, then short answers, then the essay and letter, reserving roughly 30 to 35 minutes for the essay and 10 for revision.