UPMSP Class 12 Sindhi key terms

Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in Sindh and by Sindhi communities elsewhere; written in Perso-Arabic script in Pakistan and often in Devanagari in India. It is the language this paper examines.

The Perso-Arabic script used for Sindhi, with added letters such as ڪ، ڳ، ڱ، ڇ، ٺ to represent Sindhi sounds. Direction of writing is right to left.

The Devanagari script, used in India to write Sindhi alongside the Perso-Arabic script. Sindhi in this script uses additional letters and diacritics for retroflex and implosive sounds.

The set of basic letters of the Sindhi alphabet arranged in traditional order. Learning its sequence and each letter's sound is the foundation of reading and writing.

A vowel letter; in Sindhi these include ا، و، ي and their variants, which can mark long vowels or serve as seats for vowel signs. Short vowels are usually shown by diacritics.

The short-vowel marks placed above or below a consonant, such as زبر، زير، پيش. They are used mainly in teaching texts, poetry, and where pronunciation would otherwise be ambiguous.

A diacritic placed over a consonant to show that it is doubled, i.e. pronounced twice with the first part closing the preceding syllable. It affects both pronunciation and metre.

A letter that functions as a consonant rather than a vowel, such as ي or و when it begins a syllable. Distinguishing همزو from vowel use is essential for correct spelling.

A noun or name word: the part of speech that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Sindhi nouns carry gender, number, and case, and are classified by ending patterns.

A pronoun, a word standing in place of a noun, such as مان (I), تون (you), هو (he). Sindhi pronouns change form for person, number, gender, and respect level.

An adjective: a word describing or qualifying a noun, such as سٺو (good) or وڏو (big). In Sindhi it usually precedes the noun and may agree with it in gender and number.

A verb: the word expressing an action or state. Sindhi verbs inflect for tense, person, number, gender, and aspect, and the verb normally comes at the end of the clause.

Tense: the grammatical marking of time reference on a verb, such as past, present, and future. Sindhi also distinguishes habitual, progressive, and perfect aspects within tenses.

A conjugation table showing the inflected forms of a verb across persons, numbers, genders, and tenses. Reciting گردان helps a candidate produce correct verb forms in composition.

Grammatical gender. Sindhi nouns are masculine or feminine, and gender controls agreement on adjectives and verbs; the ending of a noun often, but not always, indicates its gender.

Number in grammar: singular or plural. Sindhi marks plural on nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs, with different plural patterns depending on the noun's gender and ending.

Case: the grammatical relation of a noun to other words, shown in Sindhi largely by postpositions and oblique forms. Common cases include nominative, accusative-dative, genitive, and locative.

A postposition, a word placed after a noun to show relation, such as ۾ (in), تي (on), کي (to). Sindhi uses postpositions where many languages use prepositions.

Grammar as a subject of study: the system of rules for word formation, inflection, and sentence structure. Questions on گريمر test recognition and correct application of these rules.

A sentence: a complete unit of expression containing a subject and predicate. Sindhi sentences typically place the verb last, and types include affirmative, negative, interrogative, and imperative.

An idiom: a fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as اکين جو تارو (the apple of one's eye). Idioms are tested in usage and explanation items.

A proverb: a short traditional saying expressing practical wisdom, often with a moral or warning. Candidates are usually asked to explain a proverb's meaning or complete it.

An anecdote or short humorous story used to illustrate a point or provoke thought. In Sindhi literature لطيفو also refers to a unit of the verses of Shah Abdul Latif.

A folk tale or popular story passed down orally, often with moral or cultural significance. Questions may ask for the theme, characters, or lesson of a prescribed folk tale.

A folk song: traditional sung verse associated with work, weddings, seasons, or festivals. Sindhi folk songs include varieties such as لولي (lullaby) and various wedding songs.

A song or sung poem, especially a lyric set to a traditional melody. In the syllabus it refers to the prescribed poems whose theme, poet, and message candidates must know.

Poetry as a literary form. Sindhi poetry has a long tradition including بيت، غزل، ۽ وائي, and questions test recognition of form, poet, and central idea.

A Sindhi verse form, typically a couplet-like stanza with a specific rhyme and metre pattern, central to classical Sindhi poetry. Shah Abdul Latif's رسالو is composed largely in بيت.

A lyric poem of rhyming couplets with a repeated refrain, traditionally on love and separation but also used for other themes. Sindhi غزل follows Persian-influenced conventions of rhyme and metre.

A popular Sindhi song-poem form, usually short-lined and sung, often associated with Shah Abdul Latif and later poets. Its repeated refrain and simple diction make it a favourite for singing.

The rhyme word or rhyming element at the end of a verse line. In Sindhi poetry the قافيہ must match across lines according to the form's rules.

The repeated word or phrase that follows the rhyme in each verse of a غزل or similar form. The رديف must be identical in every line where it occurs.

Metre: the measured pattern of long and short syllables governing a line of verse. Correct وزن is essential in classical forms such as بيت and غزل.

The collected poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, a foundational work of Sindhi literature, organised into chapters called سُر. It is central to the Sindhi syllabus.

A chapter or musical mode grouping in Shah jo Risalo, each named for a musical melody or theme, such as سُر سسئي يا سُر مارئي. Each سُر contains verses on a linked story or idea.

Prose: written language in ordinary, non-metrical form, including essays, stories, and biography. Prose lessons in the syllabus are tested for theme, author, and comprehension.

A short story: a brief narrative work of fiction with plot, characters, and a theme. Questions typically ask about the author, main characters, and the story's message.

An essay: a piece of prose writing on a topic, either prescribed for study or written by the candidate. Essay writing is assessed for structure, relevance, and language accuracy.

A letter, either personal or formal, written as a composition exercise. Correct format includes salutation, body, closing, and address, with appropriate register.

An application, usually formal, written to an authority to request something. It follows a set format with sender's address, date, recipient, subject, body, and closing.