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UPMSP Intermediate Malayalam - Code 116 study materials
UPMSP Intermediate Malayalam - Code 116 study resources

UPMSP Intermediate Malayalam - Code 116 practice questions

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Question 1Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai is a standard name in the Gadya (prose) portion of the Intermediate Malayalam course. Which of his novels won the Jnanpith Award?

  1. Kayar Correct answer.
  2. Chemmeen
  3. Thottiyude Makan
  4. Randidangazhi

Explanation

Thakazhi received the Jnanpith in 1976 for Kayar, a long chronicle of a Kuttanad farming family and the slow collapse of its agrarian world. The award therefore belongs to Kayar rather than to his better-known sea story Chemmeen, which brought him other honours and much wider translation.

Question 2Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Basheer's Balyakalasakhi is among the prose works most often set for Intermediate Malayalam. The novel's doomed love story links Majeed with which character?

  1. Karthiyayani
  2. Narayani
  3. Suhra Correct answer.
  4. Pathumma

Explanation

Balyakalasakhi follows Majeed and his childhood companion Suhra; poverty and separation break their love, and Majeed's later wanderings end in grief. The names of the other women belong to different corners of Basheer's fiction, so the pair to remember is Majeed and Suhra.

Question 3Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

P. Kesavadev's Odayil Ninnu is studied as an early Malayalam novel of social realism. Whose life does the novel follow?

  1. a schoolteacher posted in a hill town
  2. a rickshaw puller named Pappu Correct answer.
  3. a toddy-tapper in Kuttanad
  4. a Namboothiri widow in a village illam

Explanation

Odayil Ninnu, literally 'From the Gutter', traces the hunger and humiliation of Pappu, a rickshaw puller in a Kerala town. It is counted among the first Malayalam novels to place a working-class life, rather than a respectable household, at the centre of the narrative.

Question 4Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Lalithambika Antharjanam's Agnisakshi is a prescribed prose text noted for its inward portrayal of a Kerala household. Its central conflict is best described as

  1. a woman's break with Namboothiri custom Correct answer.
  2. a peasants' revolt against a jenmi landlord
  3. a fisher family's dependence on the sea goddess
  4. rivalry between two Kozhikode trading houses

Explanation

Agnisakshi is set inside a Namboothiri illam and shows how its rules of purity, marriage and obedience press upon women. The novel's fire is the heroine's refusal to accept a life wholly defined by that custom, which is why the book is read as an early feminist statement in Malayalam.

Question 5Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

S. K. Pottekkatt's prose output includes both fiction and travel writing. Which of the following titles is a travelogue by him?

  1. Naalukettu
  2. Kappirikalude Nattil Correct answer.
  3. Oru Desathinte Katha
  4. Balyakalasakhi

Explanation

Kappirikalude Nattil records Pottekkatt's journey through Africa and is a landmark of Malayalam travel writing, a form he practically modernised. Oru Desathinte Katha, though it ranges over many places and people, is a novel, and it is the work that brought him the Jnanpith.

Question 6Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Basheer's Mathilukal is commonly classified as a prison memoir. That classification rests on the fact that the narrative recounts

  1. his years as a freedom fighter in Kannur
  2. his childhood in a riverside village
  3. his love for a prisoner he never saw Correct answer.
  4. his escape from a British-era district lock-up

Explanation

Mathilukal draws on Basheer's term in Thiruvananthapuram Central Jail, where he fell in love with a woman prisoner he could hear but never see. The book turns the wall itself into the horizon of the story, so it is the inward romance, not any escape or political chronicle, that defines it.

Question 7Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Cherukad's prose, including the play Mudiyanaya Puthran and the novel Manjupoloru Penkutty, is studied alongside his life writing. What did he title his autobiography?

  1. Agnisakshi
  2. Oru Desathinte Katha
  3. Jeevithappatha Correct answer.
  4. Ente Kadha

Explanation

Cherukad's Jeevithappatha is his autobiographical account of growing up in a poor rural family and of the literary and political currents that shaped a committed writer. It is valued as much for its picture of early twentieth-century Kerala social life as for its portrait of the author himself.

Question 8Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Kamala Das's life writing is read in Intermediate Malayalam courses in both its Malayalam and English versions. What is the Malayalam title of her autobiography?

  1. Ente Kadha Correct answer.
  2. Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu
  3. Agnisakshi
  4. Pathummayude Aadu

Explanation

Ente Kadha is the Malayalam original of what appeared in English as My Story. Both versions describe her childhood, her early marriage and her search for personal and creative freedom, which is why the two texts are usually discussed together.

Question 9Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Sukumar Azhikode's Tatvamasi is a widely read modern Malayalam prose work that

  1. retells the Ramayana for young readers
  2. collects prison diaries from the Emergency
  3. reads 'tat tvam asi' for modern life Correct answer.
  4. surveys the rise of the Malayalam novel

Explanation

Tatvamasi is an essayistic study of the Upanishadic formula 'that thou art', arguing that its claim about human dignity still speaks to contemporary readers. Azhikode builds the book by commentary and reflection rather than by narrative, which is why it is treated as argumentative prose and not as fiction or memoir.

Question 10Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Kuttikrishna Marar's Bharathaparyadanam is a landmark of Malayalam prose because it

  1. surveys the temples of Kerala
  2. re-reads the Mahabharata's characters and ethics Correct answer.
  3. renders the Bhagavad Gita into prose
  4. retells the Mahabharata war as a historical novel

Explanation

Bharathaparyadanam is a work of literary criticism in which Marar travels through the Mahabharata and judges its figures, among them Bhima, Karna and Draupadi, as moral beings rather than as epic types. Its combination of close reading and forceful prose gave later Malayalam critical writing both a model and a vocabulary.

Question 11Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Which Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai novel won the Jnanpith Award and is built around coir workers in Kuttanad?

  1. Thottiyude Makan
  2. Chemmeen
  3. Randidangazhi
  4. Kayar Correct answer.

Explanation

Kayar (Coir) is the multi-generational novel for which Thakazhi received the Jnanpith; its narrative follows coir-making families in Kuttanad and their changing social world. Randidangazhi and Thottiyude Makan are earlier Thakazhi works, while Chemmeen is a fishing-village novel.

Question 12Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Which Basheer prose work takes its title from the goat kept by his sister Pathumma and mixes family recollection with comic anecdote?

  1. Mathilukal
  2. Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu
  3. Pathummayude Aadu Correct answer.
  4. Balyakalasakhi

Explanation

Pathummayude Aadu (Pathumma's Goat) is Basheer's humorous family narrative centred on his sister Pathumma and the household goat. It belongs to his autobiographical prose rather than to his prison memoir or his tragic love story.

Question 13Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Which C. V. Raman Pillai novel is a historical romance set in eighteenth-century Travancore and centred on the succession of Marthanda Varma?

  1. Marthandavarma Correct answer.
  2. Ramarajabahadur
  3. Indulekha
  4. Dharmaraja

Explanation

Marthandavarma is C. V. Raman Pillai's historical novel about the Travancore succession struggle surrounding Marthanda Varma. Dharmaraja and Ramarajabahadur are later novels in his historical series, while Indulekha is by O. Chandu Menon.

Question 14Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

In M. T. Vasudevan Nair's Nalukettu, what does the title primarily designate?

  1. a seasonal agricultural market
  2. a four-tiered temple ritual platform
  3. a four-winged Kerala house Correct answer.
  4. a matrilineal clan assembly hall

Explanation

Nalukettu literally means 'four buildings' and refers to the traditional Kerala house arranged around a central courtyard. In the novel it functions as the ancestral family home whose decline mirrors the disintegration of the joint family.

Question 15Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

In S. K. Pottekkatt's Oru Desathinte Katha, what does the word 'desam' most directly denote?

  1. a local village community Correct answer.
  2. a railway junction
  3. a political party
  4. a foreign country

Explanation

The title means 'the story of a village' or locality, and Pottekkatt uses desam in the sense of a local community rather than a nation-state. The narrative traces the life of that place and its people over time.

Question 16Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

O. V. Vijayan's Khasakkinte Ithihasam is best described as a novel set in which kind of world?

  1. a modern Bombay slum
  2. a rural Malabar village Correct answer.
  3. a Himalayan monastery
  4. a colonial city courtroom

Explanation

Khasakkinte Ithihasam unfolds in a rural Malabar village and mixes local belief, myth, and a young teacher's inner crisis. Its setting is central to its reputation for mythic, non-realist narration.

Question 17Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

O. Chandu Menon's Indulekha is chiefly remembered for portraying which social debate?

  1. education and marriage among Nairs Correct answer.
  2. migration to Ceylon plantations
  3. trade unionism in coir factories
  4. partition of ancestral property

Explanation

Indulekha stages the tensions around English education, marriage, and reform in late nineteenth-century Nair society. Its heroine and Madhavan embody the novel's argument for modern companionate marriage within community norms.

Question 18Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Which C. V. Raman Pillai novel continues the Travancore court narrative begun in Marthandavarma?

  1. Kayar
  2. Indulekha
  3. Dharmaraja Correct answer.
  4. Balyakalasakhi

Explanation

Dharmaraja follows Marthandavarma in C. V. Raman Pillai's historical sequence about Travancore's royal house. The trilogy is completed by Ramarajabahadur, while the other titles belong to different authors and genres.

Question 19Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

M. T. Vasudevan Nair's Randamoozham is distinctive in the Mahabharata retelling tradition because it...

  1. moves the epic to modern Kerala
  2. adds a chorus of village women
  3. turns the war into a comedy
  4. uses Bhima's retrospective voice Correct answer.

Explanation

Randamoozham retells the Mahabharata through Bhima's first-person recollection, giving a demythologised and often critical view of the epic's heroes. That shift in perspective, rather than a change of setting or genre, is what makes the novel distinctive.

Question 20Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

The title Agnisakshi invokes fire as a witness. In Lalithambika Antharjanam's novel, this mainly frames which theme?

  1. a literal trial by fire in a temple courtyard
  2. the seasonal burning of agricultural fields
  3. a woman's selfhood under domestic orthodoxy Correct answer.
  4. a criminal prosecution for political arson

Explanation

Agnisakshi uses the ritual image of fire as witness to frame the heroine's inner struggle within an orthodox Namboothiri household. The title points to a moral and emotional ordeal, not to a literal fire or a criminal case.

Question 21Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Basheer's Premalekhanam is a prescribed prose text in the Intermediate Malayalam course. Its narrative is built entirely out of which device?

  1. A travel diary kept during a long journey
  2. A court testimony recorded by a magistrate
  3. A series of newspaper editorials
  4. Letters between the two main characters Correct answer.

Explanation

Premalekhanam is an epistolary novel: the story unfolds through letters between Kesavan Nair and Saramma. That letter form, rather than an omniscient narrator, carries the comedy and the romance.

Question 22Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Kottarathil Sankunni's Aitihyamala occupies a distinct place in Malayalam prose. What kind of material does the work principally gather?

  1. Traditional legends and local lore Correct answer.
  2. Letters written during the freedom movement
  3. Critical essays on Sanskrit drama
  4. Modern short stories about urban life

Explanation

Aitihyamala is a collection of traditional legends, folk beliefs and local tales associated with Kerala. It preserves oral lore in prose rather than offering modern fiction or literary criticism.

Question 23Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

In the history of Malayalam prose, Appu Nedungadi's Kundalatha is usually identified as which milestone?

  1. The first Malayalam novel Correct answer.
  2. The first Malayalam essay collection
  3. The first Malayalam travelogue
  4. The first Malayalam autobiography

Explanation

Kundalatha (1887) is generally treated as the first Malayalam novel, preceding the better-known Indulekha. Its place in prose history rests on that pioneering narrative form.

Question 24Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

M. T. Vasudevan Nair's Asuravithu is studied for its portrayal of a young Brahmin's crisis. What does the protagonist Govindankutty chiefly rebel against?

  1. The rules of a fishing cooperative
  2. The discipline of a modern university
  3. The authority of a colonial court
  4. Orthodox Brahmin custom Correct answer.

Explanation

Govindankutty's conflict grows from his refusal of orthodox Brahmin practices and the social order that upholds them. The novel uses his personal crisis to examine a community under change.

Question 25Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai's Randidangazhi takes its title from a measure of paddy. In the novel, what does that measure most directly represent?

  1. The tax levied on coir workers
  2. Wages paid to farm labourers Correct answer.
  3. The rent collected by a temple trust
  4. The share given to a boat owner

Explanation

The title refers to the two measures of paddy given as daily wages to agricultural labourers. Around that meagre payment Thakazhi builds his indictment of feudal labour relations.

Question 26Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

V. K. N.'s Bhoomiyude Avakasikal is often described as a prose epic of rural Kerala. Which central concern gives the novel that description?

  1. The growth of Malayalam journalism in towns
  2. The education of women in colonial capitals
  3. The ownership of land in agrarian life Correct answer.
  4. The rivalries of two theatre companies

Explanation

Bhoomiyude Avakasikal is built around land, inheritance and the agrarian order, tracing how ownership shapes families and individuals. That broad canvas is why critics call it a prose epic.

Question 27Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer is known in Malayalam prose for Kerala Sahitya Charitram. What is that work?

  1. A novel about temple entry
  2. A manual of Malayalam grammar
  3. A collection of folk songs
  4. A history of Malayalam literature Correct answer.

Explanation

Kerala Sahitya Charitram is Ulloor's multi-volume history of Malayalam literature, surveying authors and texts across periods. It is a foundational prose work of literary scholarship.

Question 28Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

O. V. Vijayan's Khasakkinte Ithihasam is centred on an outsider who arrives in the village of Khasak. What is that central figure called?

  1. Appu
  2. Ravi Correct answer.
  3. Kesavan Nair
  4. Govindan

Explanation

The novel follows Ravi, a young man who comes to Khasak and becomes entangled in the life of the village. His outsider's perspective frames the novel's encounter between modernity and local belief.

Question 29Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Thakazhi's Chemmeen is set in a coastal fishing community. The novel's central conflict is driven chiefly by which code?

  1. The chastity code imposed on fisherwomen Correct answer.
  2. The custom of primogeniture in fishing families
  3. The rule that fishermen must not sail on Tuesdays
  4. The prohibition on selling catch outside the village

Explanation

Chemmeen turns on the community's belief that a fisherwoman's chastity protects the sea's favour. The myth of the sea goddess and the demand placed on Karuthamma generate the novel's tragedy.

Question 30Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

K. P. Kesava Menon's Kazhinja Kalam is read as more than a personal memoir. Why is it also treated as a social document?

  1. It describes the printing of the first Malayalam newspaper
  2. It lists the genealogies of Travancore royal families
  3. It records public life and early nationalist politics Correct answer.
  4. It gives a detailed account of Sanskrit theatrical forms

Explanation

Kazhinja Kalam is an autobiography, but its recollection of public figures, movements and everyday political life makes it a source for Kerala's early twentieth-century social history. The personal and the public are interwoven.

Question 31Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

In the Intermediate Malayalam prose course, V. T. Bhattathiripad's Kanneerum Kinavum is studied as which kind of work?

  1. A verse drama
  2. A travelogue
  3. A memoir Correct answer.
  4. A grammar

Explanation

Kanneerum Kinavum is V. T. Bhattathiripad's autobiographical memoir, recalling his life, reform work and inner conflicts. It is narrated prose recollection rather than a verse drama, travel book or grammatical treatise, so the genre label memoir fits.

Question 32Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Basheer's Mathilukal takes its title from a wall. The narrative is chiefly set in which place?

  1. A railway colony
  2. A Sanskrit school
  3. A coastal fishing village
  4. A prison Correct answer.

Explanation

Mathilukal is Basheer's prison memoir, centred on his life inside jail and his imagined bond with a woman on the other side of the wall. The wall is therefore a literal jail wall, not a village boundary, school wall or railway settlement.

Question 33Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Kamala Das's Ente Katha is a Malayalam prose work belonging to which genre?

  1. An autobiography Correct answer.
  2. A one-act play
  3. A travel diary
  4. A detective novel

Explanation

Ente Katha is Kamala Das's autobiographical prose work, first written in English as My Story and later rendered in Malayalam. It records personal experiences and the search for identity, so it is classified as an autobiography rather than fiction, travel writing or drama.

Question 34Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

In Basheer's Balyakalasakhi, the relationship between Majeed and Suhara is chiefly remembered as what?

  1. A political rivalry
  2. A teacher-student bond
  3. A master-servant conflict
  4. Childhood love and loss Correct answer.

Explanation

Balyakalasakhi centres on Majeed and Suhara, whose childhood closeness becomes a deep attachment and ends in separation and grief. The novel's title, meaning childhood companion, points to that tender bond rather than to rivalry, teaching or servitude.

Question 35Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

S. K. Pottekkatt is especially associated with which prose form in Malayalam literature?

  1. The travelogue Correct answer.
  2. The grammar treatise
  3. The one-act play
  4. The epic poem

Explanation

Pottekkatt wrote celebrated travelogues such as Kanyaka and Pathira Sooryante Naattil alongside his novels. His prose reputation rests substantially on travel writing, not on epic poetry, drama or grammatical exposition.

Question 36Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai's Thottiyude Makan derives its title from which figure?

  1. A boatman's daughter
  2. A temple priest
  3. A landlord's heir
  4. A scavenger's son Correct answer.

Explanation

Thottiyude Makan literally means the scavenger's son, and the novel centres on a family engaged in scavenging work. The title thus points to the marginalized labouring figure, not to landlords, boatmen or priests.

Question 37Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

A. R. Rajaraja Varma's Bhasha Bhooshanam is best described as which kind of prose work?

  1. A Malayalam grammar Correct answer.
  2. An autobiography
  3. A historical romance
  4. A travel narrative

Explanation

Bhasha Bhooshanam is a grammatical treatise on Malayalam, reflecting Rajaraja Varma's role as a grammarian and language reformer. It is not a romance, travel account or life story.

Question 38Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

V. T. Bhattathiripad's reformist prose is chiefly associated with questioning the customs of which community?

  1. The tribal communities
  2. The fishing community
  3. The Tamil Brahmin community
  4. The Namboothiri Brahmin community Correct answer.

Explanation

V. T. Bhattathiripad wrote from within the Namboothiri Brahmin community and criticized its rigid customs, including restrictions on women and caste practices. His memoir and essays are read in that reform context.

Question 39Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

In Basheer's Mathilukal, the wall is most often read as what?

  1. A sea wall controlling fishermen's boats
  2. A village boundary marking caste division
  3. A temple wall protecting sacred space
  4. A prison barrier and symbol of separation Correct answer.

Explanation

The wall in Mathilukal is first the actual wall of the prison, but it also figures the distance between the narrator and the woman he imagines. That double role makes it both a physical barrier and a symbol of separation.

Question 40Prose (Gadya) - prescribed textbook lessons, author context and thematic analysis

In Thakazhi's Thottiyude Makan, the depiction of scavenging is significant mainly because it does what?

  1. Romanticizes feudal village life
  2. Satirizes modern city traffic
  3. Humanizes caste-linked degrading labour Correct answer.
  4. Celebrates temple festivals

Explanation

The novel presents scavengers as people with dignity, aspirations and family ties, while exposing the social contempt attached to their work. Its significance lies in that humanizing critique of caste-linked degradation rather than in nostalgia or satire.

Question 41Poetry (Padya) - prescribed poems, poetic devices and interpretation

പദ്യപഠനത്തിൽ, 'മുഖം താമരപ്പൂവു പോലെ തിളങ്ങുന്നു' എന്ന വരിയിൽ ഉപയോഗിച്ചിരിക്കുന്ന അലങ്കാരം ഏതാണ്?

  1. ഉത്പ്രേക്ഷ
  2. അതിശയോക്തി
  3. ഉപമ Correct answer.
  4. രൂപകം

Explanation

ഉപമേയവും ഉപമാനവും തമ്മിലുള്ള സാദൃശ്യം 'പോലെ' എന്ന ഉപമാവാചകം കൊണ്ട് വ്യക്തമാക്കുന്നതിനാൽ ഇവിടെ ഉപമാലങ്കാരമാണ്. രൂപകത്തിൽ ഈ ബന്ധം അഭിന്നമായി അവതരിപ്പിക്കുന്നു; 'പോലെ' എന്ന വാചകം വേർതിരിച്ചു നിർത്തുന്നത് ഉപമയുടെ ലക്ഷണമാണ്.

Question 42Poetry (Padya) - prescribed poems, poetic devices and interpretation

'മുഖമാകുന്ന ചന്ദ്രൻ' എന്ന പ്രയോഗത്തിൽ ഏത് അലങ്കാരമാണ് പ്രധാനമായി വരുന്നത്?

  1. ദീപകം
  2. സ്വഭാവോക്തി
  3. രൂപകം Correct answer.
  4. ഉപമ

Explanation

ഉപമേയമായ മുഖത്തെ ഉപമാനമായ ചന്ദ്രനോട് വേർതിരിക്കാതെ ഒന്നായി ചിത്രീകരിക്കുന്നതിനാൽ ഇത് രൂപകമാണ്. 'പോലെ' തുടങ്ങിയ ഉപമാവാചകങ്ങൾ ഇവിടെ ഇല്ലെന്നത് രൂപകത്തിന്റെ സവിശേഷതയാണ്.

Question 43Poetry (Padya) - prescribed poems, poetic devices and interpretation

വീരരസത്തിന്റെ സ്ഥായീഭാവം ഏതാണ്?

  1. ശോകം
  2. ജുഗുപ്സ
  3. ഭയം
  4. ഉത്സാഹം Correct answer.

Explanation

ഓരോ രസത്തിനും അതിന്റെ അടിസ്ഥാനഭാവമായ സ്ഥായീഭാവം ഉണ്ട്; വീരരസത്തിന്റെ സ്ഥായീഭാവം ഉത്സാഹമാണ്. ശോകം കരുണത്തിനും ഭയം ഭയാനകത്തിനും ജുഗുപ്സ ബീഭത്സത്തിനും സ്ഥായീഭാവമായി വരുന്നു.

Question 44Poetry (Padya) - prescribed poems, poetic devices and interpretation

'ഒരു തുള്ളി കണ്ണുനീരിൽ സപ്തസമുദ്രങ്ങൾ ഒളിഞ്ഞിരിക്കുന്നു' എന്ന വരിയിൽ പ്രധാനമായി ഉള്ള അലങ്കാരം ഏതാണ്?

  1. അർഥാന്തരന്യാസം
  2. രൂപകം
  3. അതിശയോക്തി Correct answer.
  4. ഉപമ

Explanation

ചെറിയ ഒരു കാര്യത്തെ അസാധാരണമാംവിധം വലുതാക്കി വർണ്ണിക്കുന്നത് അതിശയോക്തിയുടെ ലക്ഷണമാണ്. 'ഒരു തുള്ളി'യിൽ 'സപ്തസമുദ്രങ്ങൾ' എന്ന അതിശയോക്തി വ്യക്തമാണ്; ഇവിടെ നേരിട്ടുള്ള ഉപമയോ രൂപകമോ അല്ല പ്രധാനം.

Question 45Poetry (Padya) - prescribed poems, poetic devices and interpretation

'പൂക്കൾ അവളെ കണ്ട് ചിരിക്കുന്നതുപോലെ തോന്നി' എന്ന വരിയിൽ ഏത് അലങ്കാരമാണ് പ്രധാനം?

  1. ഉപമ
  2. സ്വഭാവോക്തി
  3. ഉത്പ്രേക്ഷ Correct answer.
  4. യമകം

Explanation

സാദൃശ്യത്തെ ആധാരമാക്കി ഒരു വസ്തുവിനെ മറ്റൊന്നായി സങ്കൽപ്പിച്ച് അവതരിപ്പിക്കുന്നത് ഉത്പ്രേക്ഷയാണ്. 'തോന്നി' എന്ന പ്രയോഗം കവിയുടെ സങ്കൽപ്പത്തെ സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നു; നേരിട്ടുള്ള ഉപമയല്ല ഇവിടെ പ്രധാനം.

Question 46Poetry (Padya) - prescribed poems, poetic devices and interpretation

'അവൾ സുന്ദരി, അവളുടെ വാക്കുകൾ സുന്ദരം, അവളുടെ ചിരി സുന്ദരം' എന്ന പ്രയോഗത്തിൽ 'സുന്ദരം' എന്ന പദം എല്ലാ ഭാഗങ്ങളെയും പ്രകാശിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. ഇത് ഏത് അലങ്കാരമാണ്?

  1. ശ്ലേഷ
  2. ഉപമ
  3. അതിശയോക്തി
  4. ദീപകം Correct answer.

Explanation

ഒരേ പദം ആവർത്തിച്ച് എല്ലാ വസ്തുക്കളെയും ഒരുപോലെ പ്രകാശിപ്പിക്കുന്നത് ദീപകാലങ്കാരമാണ്. ഇവിടെ 'സുന്ദരം' എന്ന പദം മൂന്ന് ഭാഗങ്ങളിലും ആവർത്തിച്ച് അവയെ ബന്ധിപ്പിക്കുന്നു.

Question 47Poetry (Padya) - prescribed poems, poetic devices and interpretation

ഛന്ദസ്സിൽ ഗുരുവിനെയും ലഘുവിനെയും ചേർത്തുണ്ടാക്കുന്ന അക്ഷരക്കൂട്ടത്തെ സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്ന പദം ഏതാണ്?

  1. പ്രാസം
  2. രസം
  3. ഭാവം
  4. ഗണം Correct answer.

Explanation

ഗുരുലഘുക്കളുടെ സംയോജനത്തിൽ നിന്ന് രൂപപ്പെടുന്ന അക്ഷരക്കൂട്ടമാണ് ഗണം; വൃത്തനിർമ്മാണത്തിൽ ഇത് അടിസ്ഥാനഘടകമാണ്. രസവും ഭാവവും വികാരവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ടതാണ്; പ്രാസം അക്ഷരാവർത്തനവുമാണ്.

Question 48Poetry (Padya) - prescribed poems, poetic devices and interpretation

'അമ്മയുടെ കൈകൾ വറുതിയുടെ തീയിൽ വാടിയെങ്കിലും മക്കളുടെ നെറ്റിയിൽ നിലാവ് പകർന്നു' എന്ന വരിയിൽ പ്രധാനമായി സന്നിവേശിക്കുന്ന രസം ഏതാണ്?

  1. വീരം
  2. ബീഭത്സം
  3. കരുണം Correct answer.
  4. ഹാസ്യം

Explanation

അമ്മയുടെ കഷ്ടതയും സഹനവും മക്കളോടുള്ള സ്നേഹവും ചേർന്ന് അനുകമ്പയും ദുഃഖവും ഉണർത്തുന്നതിനാൽ ഇവിടെ കരുണരസമാണ് പ്രധാനം. ഹാസ്യം, വീരം, ബീഭത്സം എന്നിവയുടെ സ്ഥായീഭാവങ്ങൾ ഈ വരിയിൽ മുഖ്യമല്ല.

Question 49Poetry (Padya) - prescribed poems, poetic devices and interpretation

രൂപകവും ഉപമയും തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം തീരുമാനിക്കാൻ സഹായിക്കുന്ന ഘടകം ഏതാണ്?

  1. രസം
  2. ഗണവിന്യാസം
  3. പ്രാസം
  4. ഉപമാവാചകം Correct answer.

Explanation

ഉപമയിൽ 'പോലെ', 'തുല്യം' തുടങ്ങിയ ഉപമാവാചകങ്ങൾ ഉപമേയത്തെ ഉപമാനത്തിൽ നിന്ന് വേർതിരിച്ചു നിർത്തുന്നു; രൂപകത്തിൽ ആ ബന്ധം അഭിന്നമാണ്. അതിനാൽ ഈ വാചകങ്ങളുടെ സാന്നിധ്യമാണ് രണ്ടിനെയും തിരിച്ചറിയാനുള്ള പ്രധാന സൂചകം.

Question 50Poetry (Padya) - prescribed poems, poetic devices and interpretation

ഒരു പദ്യവരിയിൽ 'കര' എന്ന പദം ഒരേസമയം 'കൈ'യെയും 'തീര'ത്തെയും സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. ഈ അർഥദ്വയം ഏത് അലങ്കാരത്തിന്റെ സവിശേഷതയാണ്?

  1. ശ്ലേഷ Correct answer.
  2. ദീപകം
  3. അതിശയോക്തി
  4. ഉപമ

Explanation

ഒരേ പദത്തിന് ഒന്നിലധികം അർഥങ്ങൾ സാധ്യമാകുന്ന വിധത്തിൽ അർഥചമത്കാരം സൃഷ്ടിക്കുന്നത് ശ്ലേഷാലങ്കാരമാണ്. 'കര' എന്ന പദത്തിന്റെ ഇരട്ട അർഥം ഇതിന് ഉദാഹരണമാണ്; ഉപമയിലും ദീപകത്തിലും ഇത്തരം അർഥദ്വയം മുഖ്യമല്ല.