UPMSP Class 12 Sports & Physical Education key terms

A planned programme of physical activity and instruction that develops fitness, motor skills, knowledge and social behaviour, usually delivered through school curriculum and organised games.

A learned, purposeful movement performed with accuracy and efficiency, such as throwing, jumping or catching, developed through practice rather than inherited fully at birth.

A measurable increase in body size, weight and organ mass, mainly caused by cell multiplication and resulting in quantitative changes that can be recorded in centimetres and kilograms.

A progressive qualitative change in function and ability, such as improved coordination, reasoning or emotional control, occurring in an orderly sequence from infancy to maturity.

The transitional stage between childhood and adulthood, roughly ages 10 to 19, marked by puberty, rapid growth spurts and significant emotional and social change.

The ability to carry out daily tasks with vigour and alertness, without undue fatigue, leaving enough reserve energy to enjoy leisure and meet emergencies.

The capacity of the heart, blood vessels and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles during sustained activity such as running or swimming for long periods.

The range of motion available at a joint or group of joints, influenced by muscle length, tendon elasticity, joint structure and body temperature.

An active, deliberate pursuit of health covering physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual dimensions, going beyond the mere absence of disease.

The Latin phrase Citius, Altius, Fortius, meaning faster, higher, braver or stronger, expressing the aspiration for effort and improvement rather than mere victory.

Five interlocking rings of blue, yellow, black, green and red on a white field, symbolising the union of the five continents and athletes meeting in fair competition.

A pledge sworn at the opening ceremony by an athlete, and later by officials and coaches, promising to compete without doping or cheating and in the true spirit of sportsmanship.

Behaviour showing fairness, respect for opponents, officials and rules, and graciousness in both victory and defeat, both on and off the field of play.

A national sports award given by the Government of India to coaches for outstanding contribution to the preparation of successful athletes over a sustained period.

A national sports award presented to sportspersons for consistently outstanding performance over the preceding years, along with qualities of leadership and sportsmanship.

The highest national sporting honour of India, formerly the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, awarded for the most spectacular and outstanding performance in international competition.

The training rule that the body adapts only when subjected to stress greater than it normally experiences, achieved by increasing frequency, intensity, time or type of work.

A gradual, systematic increase in training stress over time so the body keeps adapting, avoiding both stagnation from too little load and injury from too much.

The total stress placed on an athlete by training, commonly described by volume and intensity, which determines whether adaptation, maintenance or fatigue results.

The period of rest and regeneration after training during which the body repairs tissue and replenishes energy stores, allowing supercompensation and improved performance.

A training method alternating fixed bouts of higher-intensity work with planned rest or low-intensity recovery, improving speed, endurance and the ability to repeat efforts.

A steady, comfortable body posture practised in yoga, held with controlled breathing and awareness to develop strength, balance, flexibility and calmness of mind.

The yogic practice of regulating the breath through controlled inhalation, retention and exhalation, used to calm the nervous system and improve concentration and lung capacity.

An ancient Indian discipline uniting body, breath and mind through ethical restraint, posture, breathing control, concentration and meditation, aimed at physical and mental well-being.

A non-communicable condition such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension or heart disease whose risk is strongly increased by diet, inactivity, stress, tobacco and alcohol habits.

A diet supplying all essential nutrients in correct proportion and adequate quantity for an individual's age, sex and activity level, drawn from varied food groups.

A nutrient needed in large amounts to supply energy or build tissue, namely carbohydrates, proteins and fats, each contributing a specific number of kilocalories per gram.

A vitamin or mineral required only in small quantities but essential for metabolism, immunity and growth, whose deficiency causes specific disorders such as anaemia or scurvy.

A condition of excessive body fat accumulation, commonly assessed by body mass index, that raises the risk of diabetes, hypertension and joint problems.

An eating disorder marked by severe food restriction, intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, leading to dangerous weight loss and medical complications.

An eating disorder involving repeated episodes of binge eating followed by purging through vomiting, laxatives or excessive exercise, often with normal body weight.

Immediate, temporary care given to an injured or suddenly ill person before professional medical help arrives, aimed at preserving life and preventing worsening.

First-aid management of soft-tissue injury: rest, ice, compression and elevation, used in the early phase to limit swelling, pain and further damage.

An injury to a ligament caused by stretching or tearing from a sudden twist or wrench of a joint, producing pain, swelling and restricted movement.

An injury to a muscle or tendon caused by overstretching or forceful contraction, producing pain, weakness, swelling and difficulty using the affected muscle.

The internal or external force that arouses, directs and sustains behaviour toward a goal, ranging from intrinsic enjoyment to extrinsic rewards such as medals.

Behaviour intended to harm another person physically or psychologically, distinguished in sport from assertive, rule-governed force used to gain a performance advantage.

An unpleasant emotional state of apprehension and tension linked to anticipated threat, which can be cognitive worry or somatic symptoms such as raised heart rate.

An organised competition of several teams or players structured by a fixture system, such as knockout, league or combination, to decide an overall winner.

A privilege granted to a team or player in a knockout draw to advance to the next round without playing, used when entries exceed the required power of two.

A screening ratio of body weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in metres, used to classify underweight, normal, overweight and obese categories.