UPMSP Multipurpose Health Worker with Lab Technique cheat sheet

Density = mass ÷ volume; water density is 1 g/mL at 4 °C, so objects denser than 1 g/mL sink in water.

pH scale: 0–14; pH < 7 acidic, 7 neutral, > 7 basic. Each unit change means a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration.

Newton's three laws: inertia; F = m × a; every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

SI base units: metre (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), kelvin (temperature), mole (amount), ampere (current), candela (luminous intensity).

Human body temperature ≈ 37 °C (98.6 °F); normal oral range 36.1–37.2 °C.

Blood pH is tightly regulated at 7.35–7.45; below is acidosis, above is alkalosis.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurring in chloroplasts.

Hard water contains dissolved calcium and magnesium salts; it reduces soap lather and is softened by ion exchange or washing soda.

Adult blood volume ≈ 5 L (about 70 mL/kg); plasma is ~55% and formed elements ~45% (haematocrit).

Normal resting adult heart rate 60–100 beats/min; cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume (~5 L/min).

Normal adult respiratory rate 12–20 breaths/min; tidal volume ~500 mL.

Blood flow: right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta.

Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney (~1 million per kidney); glomerular filtration rate ≈ 125 mL/min.

Insulin from pancreatic beta cells lowers blood glucose; glucagon from alpha cells raises it.

Red blood cells live ~120 days and are produced in red bone marrow under erythropoietin control.

Universal donor red cells = O negative; universal recipient plasma = AB. AB+ is the universal recipient for red cells.

India's crude birth rate and death rate are expressed per 1,000 mid-year population per year; infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births.

Epidemiological triad: agent, host, environment; disease control targets the weakest link in the chain of infection.

Herd immunity threshold depends on basic reproduction number R₀: threshold = 1 − 1/R₀.

National programme milestones: Universal Immunisation Programme (1978 as EPI, renamed 1985); National Health Mission launched 2013 by merging NRHM and NUHM.

Cold chain for vaccines: most vaccines at 2–8 °C; OPV stored frozen at −15 to −25 °C at the point of use.

Vitamin A prophylaxis: 9 doses from 9 months to 5 years; iron-folic acid supplementation for pregnant women and adolescents.

Screening test validity: sensitivity = true positives ÷ all diseased; specificity = true negatives ÷ all non-diseased.

Notifiable disease reporting goes from sub-centre/PHC to district surveillance unit under Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP).

Alma-Ata Declaration (1978) defined primary health care; five principles: equity, community participation, intersectoral coordination, appropriate technology, and focus on prevention.

Sub-centre norm: one per 5,000 population in plains, 3,000 in hilly/tribal/difficult areas; a PHC covers 30,000 (plains) or 20,000 (difficult).

MPHW (Female) duties include antenatal/postnatal care, immunisation, family planning counselling, and referral; MPHW (Male) handles vector control, sanitation, and disease surveillance.

Referral criteria: danger signs such as convulsions, severe bleeding, obstructed labour, or high fever with stiff neck require immediate referral.

Home visit schedule for antenatal care: at least 4 visits, with the first in the first trimester and the last in the ninth month.

Village Health, Sanitation and Nutrition Committee (VHSNC) manages untied funds at village level under NHM.

ASHA acts as a link between community and health facility; she is selected by the village and trained under NHM.

Cold chain equipment: ILR for +2 to +8 °C storage, deep freezer for OPV, vaccine carrier with conditioned ice packs for outreach.

Venepuncture order of draw for evacuated tubes: blood cultures, coagulation (citrate), serum (SST), heparin, EDTA, fluoride-oxalate.

EDTA (lavender top) is the anticoagulant of choice for haematology; citrate (light blue) at 1:9 ratio for coagulation tests.

Serum is obtained from clotted blood without anticoagulant; plasma requires an anticoagulant and centrifugation.

Capillary puncture: choose the side of the fingertip, wipe away the first drop, avoid squeezing hard to prevent haemolysis and tissue fluid dilution.

Haemoglobin by Sahli's method uses acid haematin colour comparison; cyanmethaemoglobin is the reference method.

ESR by Westergren: results in mm at 1 hour; normal adult male 0–15 mm/h, female 0–20 mm/h.

Urine dipstick reagent strips must be read at the manufacturer's stated time; reading late gives false positives.

Gram stain sequence: crystal violet, iodine, decolouriser (alcohol/acetone), safranin counterstain; Gram-positive retain purple.

Centrifuge balance rule: tubes of equal weight placed opposite each other; imbalance causes vibration and rotor damage.

Relative centrifugal force RCF = 1.118 × 10⁻⁵ × r (cm) × (rpm)²; RCF, not rpm alone, defines separation force.

Autoclave standard: 121 °C at 15 psi for 15–20 minutes; 134 °C at 30 psi for 3 minutes for rapid cycles.

Hot air oven for dry heat sterilisation: 160 °C for 2 hours or 170 °C for 1 hour.

Microscope: coarse focus with low power only; fine focus with high power and oil immersion (100×) using immersion oil.

Refrigerator for blood bank stores whole blood at 2–6 °C; platelet agitator at 20–24 °C with continuous agitation.

Analytical balance must be levelled and calibrated; draught shields protect from air currents.

Pipettes are calibrated to deliver (TD) or to contain (TC); do not blow out TD pipettes unless marked.

Reagent labelling must show name, concentration, preparation date, expiry, and storage condition; discard if turbid or discoloured.

Quality control runs: one normal and one abnormal control per batch; Levey-Jennings chart plots value against mean ± 1, 2, 3 SD.

Westgard rules: 1-3s rejects, 2-2s rejects, R-4s rejects, 4-1s and 10x indicate systematic error.

Reference range covers the central 95% of a healthy population, i.e. mean ± 2 SD.

External quality assessment (EQA) compares your results with peer laboratories; internal QC checks day-to-day precision.

Volumetric glassware is calibrated at 20 °C; solutions prepared at other temperatures need correction.

Distilled or deionised water must be used for reagent preparation; tap water introduces ions that alter results.

Reagents must be brought to room temperature before use unless the kit specifies otherwise; cold reagents cause poor colour development.

Chain of infection: infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host.

Standard precautions apply to all patients: hand hygiene, gloves, gown, mask, eye protection, safe sharps disposal.

Hand hygiene with soap and water for 40–60 seconds; alcohol-based hand rub for 20–30 seconds when hands are not visibly soiled.

Malaria diagnosis: thick smear for detection, thin smear for species identification; Plasmodium falciparum shows multiple rings and banana-shaped gametocytes.

Dengue vector Aedes aegypti breeds in clean stagnant water and bites mainly during daytime.

Tuberculosis: acid-fast bacilli seen on Ziehl-Neelsen stain; sputum collected in two specimens for diagnosis under RNTCP/NTEP.

Sterilisation kills all microorganisms including spores; disinfection reduces pathogens on inanimate objects but may not kill spores.

Biomedical waste colour coding: yellow for infectious/human anatomical waste, red for contaminated recyclables, white for sharps, blue for glassware.

Adult CPR: compressions at 100–120/min, depth 5–6 cm, ratio 30 compressions to 2 breaths; use an AED as soon as available.

Recovery position for an unconscious but breathing patient: lateral, head tilted, to keep the airway open.

Choking in a conscious adult: back blows then abdominal thrusts (Heimlich manoeuvre); for infants use back slaps and chest thrusts.

Shock signs: cold clammy skin, rapid weak pulse, low blood pressure, restlessness; lay flat, keep warm, do not give oral fluids.

Severe bleeding: apply direct pressure with a clean dressing, elevate the limb if no fracture, and use a tourniquet only as a last resort.

Burns: cool with running water for at least 20 minutes; do not apply oil, toothpaste, or ice; cover with a clean non-adherent dressing.

Fracture immobilisation: splint the joint above and below the injury; check distal pulse, sensation, and movement before and after.

Normal vital sign ranges: temperature 36.1–37.2 °C, pulse 60–100/min, respiration 12–20/min, BP ~120/80 mmHg.

Communication process: sender → message → channel → receiver → feedback; noise is any interference that distorts the message.

Health education principles: credibility, interest, participation, motivation, comprehension, reinforcement, learning by doing.

Records must be accurate, legible, dated, timed, signed, and confidential; corrections are made by striking through and initialling, never by overwriting.

Registers commonly maintained at sub-centre: eligible couple register, antenatal register, immunisation register, birth and death register.

Confidentiality: patient information is shared only with the care team or as required by law; breach is a professional and legal offence.

MCH card and immunisation card are given to the family; the facility retains the counterfoil for audit.

Teaching aids: flip charts, flash cards, posters, role play, and demonstrations; choose aids matching literacy level and group size.

Feedback is essential to confirm understanding; two-way communication is more effective than one-way broadcasting.

India's National Health Policy 2017 targets public health expenditure at 2.5% of GDP by 2025.

Ayushman Bharat has two components: Health and Wellness Centres (now Ayushman Arogya Mandir) and PM-JAY health insurance cover of ₹5 lakh per family per year.

World Health Organization was established on 7 April 1948; World Health Day is observed on 7 April.

National Health Programmes: NTEP for tuberculosis, NPCDCS for non-communicable diseases, NVBDCP for vector-borne diseases.

Reasoning: in a number series, check differences, ratios, or alternating patterns before assuming a single rule.

Coding-decoding: apply the same letter shift consistently; verify with a second example before answering.

Blood relations: draw a family tree diagram; use + for male and − for female to avoid confusion.

Direction sense: fix north at the top of the page and track each turn as a rotation of 90° or 180°.