UPMSP Multipurpose Health Worker with Lab Technique flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Normal adult blood pH

Arterial blood pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45. Values below 7.35 indicate acidosis and above 7.45 indicate alkalosis, both requiring investigation of respiratory or metabolic causes.

SI unit of mass

The kilogram is the SI base unit of mass. One kilogram equals 1,000 grams and is the reference for weighing reagents and calculating drug doses in clinical practice.

Universal donor blood group

O negative red cells are called universal donor cells because they lack A, B and RhD antigens, so they can be transfused to recipients of any ABO and Rh type in emergencies.

Cardiac output formula

Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. A resting adult ejects about 70 mL per beat at 70 beats per minute, giving roughly 5 litres per minute.

Nephron function

The nephron is the kidney's functional unit. It filters plasma at the glomerulus, reabsorbs water, glucose and salts in the tubules, and secretes waste to form urine.

Herd immunity threshold

The herd immunity threshold equals 1 minus 1 divided by R₀. For measles with R₀ around 12 to 18, roughly 92 to 95 percent coverage is needed.

Sensitivity of a screening test

Sensitivity is true positives divided by all diseased persons. It measures the test's ability to correctly identify people who actually have the disease, expressed as a percentage.

Cold chain temperature range

Most vaccines, including DPT, hepatitis B and measles, must be stored at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius in an ice-lined refrigerator. Freezing damages adsorbed vaccines permanently.

Sub-centre population norm

One sub-centre serves 5,000 people in plain areas and 3,000 in hilly, tribal or difficult areas. A primary health centre covers 30,000 in plains and 20,000 in difficult terrain.

Alma-Ata Declaration year

The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 defined primary health care and called for health for all. It set out equity, community participation, intersectoral coordination and appropriate technology as core principles.

Antenatal visit schedule

At least four antenatal visits are recommended: first in the first trimester, second at 14 to 26 weeks, third at 28 to 34 weeks, and fourth at 36 weeks or later.

EDTA tube use

Lavender-top EDTA tubes are used for haematology tests such as complete blood count and haemoglobin estimation because EDTA preserves cell morphology without altering cell counts.

Order of draw principle

Blood collection tubes are filled in a set order to prevent additive cross-contamination. Culture, citrate, serum, heparin, EDTA and fluoride tubes follow in that sequence.

Gram stain sequence

Crystal violet stains all cells purple, iodine fixes the dye, alcohol decolourises Gram-negative cells, and safranin counterstains them pink. Gram-positive cells remain purple.

Westergren ESR normal values

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is read in millimetres at one hour. Normal values are 0 to 15 mm per hour for adult males and 0 to 20 mm per hour for adult females.

Autoclave standard cycle

Steam sterilisation is achieved at 121 degrees Celsius and 15 pounds per square inch pressure for 15 to 20 minutes. This kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores.

Relative centrifugal force formula

Relative centrifugal force equals 1.118 times 10 to the power minus 5, multiplied by rotor radius in centimetres and by the square of revolutions per minute.

Centrifuge balancing rule

Tubes placed in a centrifuge must be of equal weight and positioned directly opposite each other. Imbalance causes vibration, breakage and damage to the rotor bearings.

Westgard 1-3s rule

A control result exceeding the mean by more than three standard deviations violates the 1-3s rule and rejects the run. This usually indicates random error such as a pipetting mistake.

Reference range definition

A reference range covers the central 95 percent of values from a healthy population, corresponding to the mean plus or minus two standard deviations of that population.

Internal versus external quality control

Internal quality control runs control samples with each batch to check daily precision. External quality assessment compares the laboratory's results with peer laboratories to check accuracy.

Standard precautions scope

Standard precautions apply to every patient regardless of diagnosis and include hand hygiene, gloves, gown, mask, eye protection, safe sharps handling and correct waste segregation.

Hand hygiene duration

Hands are washed with soap and water for 40 to 60 seconds. Alcohol-based hand rub is applied for 20 to 30 seconds when hands are visibly clean and not soiled.

Malaria smear choice

The thick smear is used to detect malaria parasites because it concentrates them. The thin smear is used to identify the species from parasite morphology and red cell changes.

Biomedical waste yellow bag

Yellow bags receive human anatomical waste, soiled dressings, expired blood and infectious plastic waste. Yellow category waste is incinerated or buried as per the rules.

Adult CPR compression rate

Adult chest compressions are delivered at 100 to 120 per minute, 5 to 6 centimetres deep, with 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths and full chest recoil between compressions.

Shock first aid positioning

A patient in shock is laid flat with legs slightly raised, kept warm and reassured. Oral fluids are withheld because of the risk of aspiration and vomiting.

Burn cooling rule

Burns are cooled under running water for at least 20 minutes. Oils, toothpaste and ice are never applied, and the burn is covered with a clean non-adherent dressing.

Correction in medical records

An error in a patient record is corrected by drawing a single line through it, writing the correct entry, and initialling with date and time. Overwriting or erasing is not permitted.

Communication feedback loop

Health communication requires a sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback. Feedback confirms that the message was understood and allows the educator to adjust the approach.

PM-JAY insurance cover

Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY provides health insurance cover of 5 lakh rupees per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalisation to eligible beneficiary families.

WHO founding date

The World Health Organization was established on 7 April 1948. World Health Day is observed every year on 7 April to mark its founding and highlight a health theme.