Uttarakhand D.El.Ed cheat sheet

Uttarakhand became the 27th state of India on 9 November 2000, carved out of Uttar Pradesh; it was named Uttaranchal and renamed Uttarakhand in 2007.

Capital: Dehradun (provisional); Gairsain in Chamoli district was declared the summer capital in 2020; the High Court is located at Nainital.

The state has 13 districts in two divisions: Kumaon (Almora, Nainital, Pithoragarh, Champawat, Bageshwar, Udham Singh Nagar) and Garhwal (the remaining districts).

State symbols: bird Himalayan monal, animal musk deer, tree burans (rhododendron), flower Brahma Kamal.

Rivers: Alaknanda and Bhagirathi meet at Devprayag to form the Ganga; the Yamuna rises from the Yamunotri glacier; the Panch Prayag are Vishnuprayag, Nandprayag, Karnaprayag, Rudraprayag and Devprayag.

Char Dham: Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath; Hemkund Sahib near Govindghat is a major Sikh pilgrimage site.

National parks: Jim Corbett (India's first, established 1936), Nanda Devi, Valley of Flowers (UNESCO World Heritage Site), Rajaji and Gangotri.

Highest peak wholly within India: Nanda Devi (7,816 m); Kamet and Trisul are other prominent high peaks.

Official language is Hindi, with Sanskrit as second official language; Garhwali, Kumaoni and Jaunsari are the main regional languages.

वर्णमाला में 11 स्वर और 33 व्यंजन होते हैं; स्वर स्वतंत्र रूप से बोले जाते हैं, व्यंजन को स्वर की सहायता चाहिए।

संधि के तीन भेद: स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि; उदाहरण सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय (गुण संधि)।

समास के छह भेद: तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव; 'राजपुत्र' तत्पुरुष समास का उदाहरण है।

उपसर्ग मूल शब्द से पहले जुड़ता है (अनु + शासन = अनुशासन); प्रत्यय शब्द के बाद जुड़ता है (लड़कपन में 'पन')।

संज्ञा के भेद: व्यक्तिवाचक, जातिवाचक, भाववाचक; सर्वनाम के भेद: पुरुषवाचक, निजवाचक, प्रश्नवाचक, संबंधवाचक, अनिश्चयवाचक।

काल तीन प्रकार के हैं-वर्तमान, भूत, भविष्य; प्रत्येक के सामान्य, अपूर्ण, पूर्ण और संभाव्य उपभेद होते हैं।

वाच्य तीन प्रकार: कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य, भाववाच्य; 'राम ने पत्र लिखा' कर्तृवाच्य का उदाहरण है।

अलंकार दो प्रकार: शब्दालंकार (अनुप्रास, यमक, श्लेष) और अर्थालंकार (उपमा, रूपक, उत्प्रेक्षा)।

मुहावरे: 'आँख का तारा' = बहुत प्यारा; 'नौ दो ग्यारह होना' = भाग जाना; 'अंधे की लाठी' = एकमात्र सहारा।

Parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.

Present simple is used for habits and universal truths; present continuous (am/is/are + V-ing) for actions happening now.

Past simple uses V2; past continuous uses was/were + V-ing; present perfect uses has/have + V3.

Active to passive: the object becomes subject, the verb becomes be + past participle, and the agent is introduced by 'by'.

Direct to indirect speech: remove quotation marks, change the reporting verb, shift tense one step back, and change time/place words (now → then, today → that day).

Articles: 'a' before a consonant sound, 'an' before a vowel sound, 'the' for definite or specific nouns and before superlatives.

Prepositions of time: at for clock times, on for days and dates, in for months, years and longer periods.

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; each, every, either and neither take singular verbs.

Common idioms: 'once in a blue moon' = very rarely; 'break the ice' = start a conversation; 'a piece of cake' = very easy.

For two positive integers, HCF × LCM = product of the two numbers.

Percentage: x% of N = (x/100) × N; percentage change = (change ÷ original) × 100.

Profit% = (profit ÷ CP) × 100; Loss% = (loss ÷ CP) × 100; SP = CP × (1 + profit%/100).

Simple interest SI = PRT/100; compound interest amount A = P(1 + R/100)^n, so CI = A − P.

Average = sum of values ÷ number of values; if every value increases by k, the average also increases by k.

Speed = distance ÷ time; 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s; for a fixed distance, time is inversely proportional to speed.

Area formulas: rectangle l × b, triangle ½ × b × h, circle πr², trapezium ½(a + b)h; circumference of a circle = 2πr.

Pythagoras theorem: in a right triangle, hypotenuse² = base² + perpendicular²; common triples are 3-4-5 and 5-12-13.

BODMAS order: Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction; simplify brackets first, then division and multiplication from left to right.

SI units: length metre, mass kilogram, time second, force newton, energy joule, power watt, temperature kelvin.

Newton's laws: first law (inertia), second law F = ma, third law (every action has an equal and opposite reaction).

Photosynthesis equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurring in chloroplasts in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

Human body: the heart pumps blood, lungs exchange gases, kidneys filter waste, liver produces bile; an adult human has 206 bones.

Acids have pH below 7 and turn blue litmus red; bases have pH above 7 and turn red litmus blue; pH 7 is neutral.

Solar system order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune; Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006.

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12–35); Directive Principles are in Part IV; Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976, as Article 51A.

Panchayati Raj: the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 added Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule; the 74th Amendment, 1992 covers urban local bodies.