Uttarakhand D.El.Ed key terms

The date 9 November 2000, when Uttarakhand was carved out of Uttar Pradesh as India's 27th state. It is observed annually as Uttarakhand Foundation Day, marking the end of the statehood movement.

A forest-protection movement that began in the 1970s in the Garhwal Himalaya, where villagers, especially women, hugged trees to prevent felling. It linked environmental conservation with local livelihoods.

A high-altitude national park in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, famous for its monsoon-blooming alpine flowers. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and lies within the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.

India's oldest national park, established in 1936 in Uttarakhand's Nainital district. It is named after hunter-turned-conservationist Jim Corbett and protects tigers and riverine forest.

A large rock-fill dam on the Bhagirathi River near Tehri, Uttarakhand. It supplies hydropower and irrigation water and is among India's tallest dams.

A UNESCO biosphere reserve in the Chamoli and Pithoragarh districts of Uttarakhand, centred on Nanda Devi peak. It protects Himalayan glaciers, alpine meadows and rare species.

A major Hindu pilgrimage festival held at four rotating sites, including Haridwar in Uttarakhand, where devotees bathe in the Ganga. The Haridwar event follows a twelve-year cycle.

दो ध्वनियों (स्वर या व्यंजन) के मेल से उत्पन्न परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। इसमें स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि प्रमुख भेद हैं।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। हिंदी में तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि, अव्ययीभाव और द्विगु प्रमुख भेद हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी मूल शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर उसका अर्थ बदल देता है, जैसे 'प्र' + 'गति' = प्रगति। हिंदी में संस्कृत, हिंदी और विदेशी उपसर्ग प्रचलित हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो मूल शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नया शब्द या भाव बनाता है, जैसे 'लड़क' + 'पन' = लड़कपन। ये कृत् और तद्धित दो प्रकार के होते हैं।

तत्सम वे शब्द हैं जो संस्कृत से बिना परिवर्तन हिंदी में आए, जैसे अग्नि; तद्भव वे जो रूप बदलकर आए, जैसे आग। यह वर्गीकरण हिंदी शब्द-स्रोत समझने में सहायक है।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जो अपने शब्दों के सामान्य अर्थ से भिन्न, लाक्षणिक अर्थ देता है, जैसे 'आँख का तारा' = अत्यंत प्रिय। इसका प्रयोग वाक्य में क्रिया के रूप में होता है।

जनसमाज में प्रचलित, पूर्ण वाक्य के रूप में प्रयुक्त सूक्ति या कहावत, जो अनुभवजन्य जीवन-सत्य व्यक्त करती है, जैसे 'अंधों में काना राजा'।

काव्य में शब्द या अर्थ की विशेष चमत्कारपूर्ण व्यवस्था को अलंकार कहते हैं। अनुप्रास, उपमा, रूपक और यमक इसके सामान्य भेद हैं।

A word that has the same, or nearly the same, meaning as another word in a given context, such as 'begin' and 'start'. Questions test the closest meaning among the options.

A word opposite in meaning to another word, such as 'hot' and 'cold'. Antonym questions require choosing the option that reverses the given word's meaning.

One of two or more words pronounced alike but spelled differently and having different meanings, such as 'sea' and 'see'. Context decides which spelling is correct.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be understood from its individual words, such as 'break the ice' meaning to start a conversation. Idioms must be learnt as whole units.

The grammatical construction in which the subject performs the action, as in 'The teacher corrected the papers'. It contrasts with passive voice, where the object becomes the subject.

Speech reported in the speaker's exact words, enclosed in quotation marks, as in She said, 'I am ready.' It contrasts with indirect speech, which changes pronouns and tenses.

The grammatical rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, as in 'She writes' versus 'They write'. Intervening phrases do not usually change the verb form.

Least Common Multiple: the smallest positive number that is a multiple of two or more given numbers. For 4 and 6, the LCM is 12. It is used to add fractions with unlike denominators.

Highest Common Factor: the largest number that divides two or more given numbers exactly. For 12 and 18, the HCF is 6. It helps simplify fractions and solve sharing problems.

A proportion expressed as a part per hundred, written with the symbol %. To find a percentage, divide the part by the whole and multiply the result by 100.

A comparison of two quantities of the same kind by division, written as a:b. The ratio 3:4 means the first quantity is three-fourths of the second.

The arithmetic mean of a set of values, found by dividing their sum by the number of values. It gives a single representative value for the whole group.

Interest calculated only on the original principal, using the formula SI = P × R × T / 100, where R is the annual rate and T the time in years.

In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides: a² + b² = c². It is used to find unknown sides.

A method of solving problems by first finding the value of one unit and then multiplying to find the required number of units. It is widely used in proportion problems.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and release oxygen, with chlorophyll as the pigment. It is the basis of most food chains.

At constant temperature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, giving V = IR, where R is the resistance.

A scale from 0 to 14 measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and values above 7 are basic.

A community of living organisms interacting with one another and with their non-living environment, such as a pond or forest. Energy flows through food chains and nutrients cycle within it.

The continuous movement of water between the ocean, atmosphere and land through evaporation, condensation, precipitation and runoff. It replenishes the Earth's freshwater resources.

Basic human freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Indian Constitution and enforceable in courts. They include equality, freedom of speech, and protection from exploitation.

India's system of local self-government in rural areas, established by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, with gram panchayat, panchayat samiti and zila parishad tiers.

A seasonal reversal of winds bringing heavy rainfall, especially to India from June to September when moist southwest winds blow from the Indian Ocean. Agriculture depends on it.