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Uttarakhand became the 27th state of India on 9 November 2000 under the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000. Its hill districts were separated from the northern part of Uttar Pradesh, so Uttar Pradesh is the parent state.
The Himalayan monal is the state bird of Uttarakhand and is associated with high-altitude Himalayan forests. It is a colourful pheasant, while the state animal of Uttarakhand is the musk deer.
Article 21A and the RTE Act, 2009, guarantee free and compulsory elementary education to all children aged 6 to 14 years. This age group corresponds to elementary education from Class I to Class VIII.
Uttarakhand's Char Dham comprises Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri, located in the Garhwal Himalaya. The set Kedarnath, Tungnath, Rudranath and Madhyamaheshwar belongs to the Panch Kedar circuit, not the Char Dham.
NEP 2020 aims to raise the Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education to 50% by 2035. The policy notes that the GER was about 26.3% in 2018 and proposes expansion, inclusion and capacity building to reach the target.
The Kosi river is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' because it shifts its course across north Bihar and causes severe floods. The Damodar, by contrast, is known as the 'Sorrow of Bengal'.
India's G20 Presidency in 2023 used the theme 'One Earth, One Family, One Future', drawn from the Sanskrit idea of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam. The theme focused on sustainable development, inclusive growth and multilateral cooperation.
Nanda Devi lies in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand and forms part of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. It is the highest mountain wholly within Indian territory, with an elevation of about 7,816 metres.
The Uttarakhand Kranti Dal was founded in 1979 as a regional party demanding a separate hill state, and Indramani Badoni was its founding president. The party later became closely associated with the Uttarakhand statehood movement.
ISRO named the Chandrayaan-3 landing site 'Shiv Shakti Point' on 26 August 2023, the first National Space Day. Tiranga Point is the name given to the Chandrayaan-2 impact site, so the two are distinct.
Pithoragarh lies at the eastern end of Uttarakhand and its northern boundary runs along the Tibet Autonomous Region while its eastern and southern boundary runs along Nepal. This makes it the district with two international boundaries. The other hill districts named touch only one of the two borders.
Uttarakhand notified Burans, the rhododendron that flowers red across the middle Himalaya in spring, as its state tree. Deodar and chir pine are common Himalayan conifers but are not the state tree of Uttarakhand. Sal is a plains and Shivalik species associated with other states.
Aditya-L1 travelled to the Sun–Earth Lagrange point L1, about 1.5 million kilometres from Earth, where it orbits in a halo path. From L1 the spacecraft can observe the Sun continuously without eclipses. L2 is used by space telescopes that need to keep the Sun, Earth and Moon behind them.
Travelling down the Alaknanda, the river first meets the Dhauliganga at Vishnuprayag, then the Nandakini at Nandprayag, the Pindar at Karnaprayag, the Mandakini at Rudraprayag and finally the Bhagirathi at Devprayag. At Devprayag the combined river is called the Ganga. The reverse order in one option simply inverts this natural sequence.
Uttarakhand returns five members to the Lok Sabha, distributed over the five parliamentary constituencies of Tehri Garhwal, Garhwal, Almora, Nainital–Udham Singh Nagar and Haridwar. The state also sends three members to the Rajya Sabha. Its Lok Sabha representation has remained unchanged since the state was created in 2000.
The Schedule to the RTE Act fixes a pupil–teacher ratio of 30:1 at the primary level and 35:1 at the upper primary level. These ratios are part of the prescribed norms and standards that every recognised school must maintain. A higher ratio at the primary stage would breach the statutory norm.
Jageshwar lies in the Almora district, about 36 km from Almora town, in a valley lined with stone Shiva temples built roughly between the eighth and twelfth centuries. The cluster is protected by the Archaeological Survey of India and is a major centre of the Lakulisha tradition. Chamoli and Pithoragarh have their own temple sites, but not this complex.
Nihon Hidankyo is the Japanese confederation of atomic bomb survivors, known as hibakusha, and was honoured for its testimony-based campaign against nuclear weapons. The Norwegian Nobel Committee highlighted its contribution to establishing the nuclear taboo. It is a grassroots survivors' body, not a treaty coalition, a UN agency or an industry group.
The 106th Amendment inserts Articles 330A and 332A and states that the reservation will remain in force for 15 years from the commencement of the Act, though Parliament may extend it. The reservation is to take effect after the first census following the amendment and the subsequent delimitation exercise. The Act does not provide a 10, 12 or 20 year term.
The Pindari glacier sits at the head of the Pindar valley in the Bageshwar district of the Kumaon Himalaya, below Nanda Kot and Nanda Devi East. The stream from it becomes the Pindar, which flows down to Karnaprayag where it meets the Alaknanda. Each of the other districts mentioned has different glaciers, such as Gangotri in Uttarkashi and Milam in Pithoragarh.
The musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) is notified as the state animal of Uttarakhand. It inhabits high-altitude forests and scrub of the Himalaya and is known for the musk pod carried by males. It is listed as endangered, and poaching for musk is a major threat.
The Uttarakhand High Court was established on 9 November 2000 under the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000. Its principal seat is at Nainital, and it has a circuit bench at Gairsain in Chamoli district. Dehradun is the state capital but not the seat of the High Court.
Mussoorie is popularly called the 'Queen of Hills' because of its scenic ridge location and colonial-era charm. Shillong is known as the 'Scotland of the East', while Khajjiar is often called 'Mini Switzerland'. The nicknames in the other options belong to different places.
By the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816, Nepal ceded territories west of the Kali river, including Kumaon and Garhwal, to the British East India Company. These areas were later administered as part of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces. The treaty ended the Anglo-Nepalese (Gurkha) War.
Lipulekh Pass lies in Pithoragarh district near the tri-junction of India, Nepal and Tibet. It is one of the traditional routes for the Kailash-Mansarovar pilgrimage and for border trade. Chamoli, Uttarkashi and Rudraprayag do not contain this pass.
NEP 2020 replaces the 10+2 structure with a 5+3+3+4 design covering ages 3 to 18. It comprises three years of pre-school, three years of foundational, three years of preparatory, three years of middle and four years of secondary stage. The first five years include early childhood care and education.
The Labour Party won a large majority in the UK general election held in July 2024, and Keir Starmer became Prime Minister. Rishi Sunak resigned as Conservative leader after the result. Starmer took office on 5 July 2024.
The 2026 Winter Olympics are scheduled for Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy, with events also in the surrounding Alpine regions. They will be the first Winter Games hosted mainly by two cities. Beijing hosted in 2022 and Salt Lake City is set for 2034.
SpaDeX stands for Space Docking Experiment, launched by ISRO in December 2024. Two small satellites, Chaser and Target, were placed in orbit and autonomously docked in January 2025, making India the fourth country to demonstrate the capability. Docking technology is essential for future space stations and sample-return missions.
Nityanand Swami of the Bharatiya Janata Party became the first Chief Minister of Uttarakhand in November 2000. He was subsequently replaced by Bhagat Singh Koshyari. Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank and B. C. Khanduri also served as Chief Ministers later.
Nainital takes its name from Naini Lake, the crescent-shaped, spring-fed lake around which the town has grown at an altitude of roughly 1,900 metres. Bhimtal, Sattal and Naukuchiatal are separate lakes elsewhere in Nainital district, each with its own surrounding settlement.
The Himalayan monal was declared the state bird of Uttarakhand and is frequently used in state campaigns and imagery. For comparison, the state animal is the musk deer, the state tree is the burans (rhododendron) and the state flower is the Brahma Kamal.
The Valley of Flowers lies in Chamoli district, in the Bhyundar valley above Govindghat, and forms part of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve together with Nanda Devi National Park. The two parks together were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Kedarnath stands near the head of the Mandakini valley in Rudraprayag district, at an altitude of about 3,580 metres. Badrinath and Hemkund Sahib fall in Chamoli district, while Gangotri and Yamunotri are in Uttarkashi district.
The Tehri Dam in Tehri Garhwal district is built on the Bhagirathi, impounding a large reservoir used for hydropower and for supplying water to Delhi and other cities. The Bhagirathi meets the Alaknanda at Devprayag, downstream of Tehri, to form the Ganga.
Uttarakhand hosted the 38th edition of the National Games in early 2025, with competitions spread over cities including Dehradun, Haridwar, Haldwani and Tehri. It was the first time the state staged this national multi-sport event.
NEP 2020 aims to raise the Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education from roughly 28 per cent to 50 per cent by 2035, which would add about 3.5 crore seats. At the school level the policy targets universal access with 100 per cent GER by 2030.
The Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code Bill, 2024, passed by the state assembly made Uttarakhand the first state after independence to enact a common civil code covering marriage, divorce, inheritance and live-in relationships. Goa has a common civil code inherited from Portuguese rule, but that predates independence.
The Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, passed by Parliament, carved the hill districts out of Uttar Pradesh to form the new state, initially named Uttaranchal and renamed Uttarakhand in 2007. The 1956 Act had reorganised states on linguistic lines several decades earlier.
Balbhadra Kunwar held the small fort of Khalanga at Nalapani against a much larger British force in 1814; the defenders ran out of water and cut their way out, and a memorial at the site honours them. The war ended with the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816, under which Kumaon passed to the British.
‘विद्यार्थी’ का संधि-विच्छेद है-विद्या + अर्थी। इसमें ‘आ’ और ‘अ’ स्वर मिलकर दीर्घ ‘आ’ बन रहे हैं, इसलिए यहाँ दीर्घ संधि है। स्वर संधि का यही नियम है कि सवर्ण या समान स्वर के मेल से दीर्घ स्वर बनता है।
‘दशानन’ का अर्थ है दस मुखों वाला, अर्थात् रावण। यहाँ समस्त पद सीधे किसी पद का अर्थ न देकर एक तीसरे अर्थ की ओर संकेत करता है, इसलिए यह बहुव्रीहि समास है। बहुव्रीहि में कोई पद प्रधान नहीं होता, समूचा पद विशेषण बन जाता है।
‘लिखावट’ = लिख + आवट। ‘आवट’ प्रत्यय जोड़कर यहाँ भाववाचक संज्ञा बनी है, जो कार्य के ढंग या रूप का बोध कराती है। इसी प्रत्यय से सजावट, बनावट जैसे शब्द भी बनते हैं, जिससे प्रत्यय की पहचान स्पष्ट हो जाती है।
‘लोहे के चने चबाना’ मुहावरे का अर्थ है अत्यंत कठिन या लगभग असंभव कार्य करना। लोहे के चने चबाना सहज नहीं होता, इसी बिंब से यह लाक्षणिक अर्थ निकलता है। वाक्य में सीमा पर कठिन परिस्थितियों में डटे रहने का भाव इसी मुहावरे से व्यक्त होता है।
यहाँ पत्तों का पेड़ से अलग होकर गिरना दिखाया गया है, अर्थात् एक वस्तु का दूसरी से पृथक होना व्यक्त हो रहा है। पृथकता या दूरी का बोध कराने वाला कारक अपादान कारक होता है, इसलिए ‘से’ यहाँ अपादान का चिह्न है।
कर्तृवाच्य से कर्मवाच्य बनाते समय कर्ता के साथ ‘से’ या ‘के द्वारा’ जोड़ा जाता है, क्रिया कर्म के अनुसार चलती है और ‘गया’ सहायक क्रिया आती है। इसलिए ‘श्याम ने पत्र लिखा’ का सही कर्मवाच्य ‘श्याम से पत्र लिखा गया’ है, जहाँ पत्र कर्म प्रधान हो जाता है।
पंक्ति में हरि के चरणों पर कमल का अभेद आरोप किया गया है, अर्थात् चरण और कमल को अलग-अलग न मानकर एक ही मान लिया गया है। जहाँ उपमेय और उपमान में भेद न रहकर अभेद का आरोप होता है, वहाँ रूपक अलंकार होता है।
‘सर्वज्ञ’ का अर्थ है सब कुछ जानने वाला, क्योंकि ‘सर्व’ का अर्थ सब और ‘ज्ञ’ का अर्थ जानने वाला होता है। वाक्यांश में ‘सब कुछ’ शब्द स्पष्ट रूप से पूर्ण ज्ञान का संकेत देता है, इसलिए केवल ‘सर्वज्ञ’ ही अर्थ का पूरा साम्य रखता है।
वीर रस का स्थायी भाव उत्साह है और इसके विभाव शत्रु, युद्धभूमि या चुनौती होते हैं। दिए गए वर्णन में उत्साह तथा कृतसंकल्पता प्रमुख भाव है, इसलिए यहाँ वीर रस की स्थिति बनती है। रस की पहचान स्थायी भाव से की जाती है, इसीलिए उत्साह का होना निर्णायक है।
‘मैंने कल आपको देखा था’ में कर्ता, कर्म, काल और क्रिया-रूप सभी परस्पर संगत हैं तथा भूतकाल के लिए ‘देखा था’ उपयुक्त है। शेष वाक्यों में बहुवचन कर्ता के साथ क्रिया का एकवचन रूप आ गया है, जिससे वचन-अनुरूपता का नियम टूट जाता है।