WBCHSE HS Human Development and Resource Management cheat sheet

Development is lifelong, multidimensional (physical, cognitive, socio-emotional) and multidirectional; growth refers to measurable increase in size, development to qualitative change in function.

Prenatal period spans germinal (weeks 0-2), embryonic (weeks 3-8, organogenesis, most vulnerable to teratogens) and fetal (week 9 to birth) stages.

Piaget's stages in order: sensorimotor (0-2 y, object permanence), preoperational (2-7 y, egocentrism, symbolic play), concrete operational (7-11 y, conservation, classification), formal operational (11+ y, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Erikson's eight psychosocial stages pair each with a crisis: trust/mistrust (infancy), autonomy/shame (1-3 y), initiative/guilt (3-6 y), industry/inferiority (6-12 y), identity/role confusion (adolescence), intimacy/isolation, generativity/stagnation, integrity/despair.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/good girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Bowlby's attachment theory: secure base, separation anxiety peaks around 8-18 months; Ainsworth's Strange Situation classifies secure, avoidant, resistant and disorganized attachment.

Adolescence is marked by puberty (growth spurt, secondary sexual characteristics), formal operational thought and identity exploration; menarche in girls typically precedes first spermarche-related changes in boys by about two years.

Key motor milestones: head control ~3 months, sitting without support ~6-8 months, walking alone ~12-15 months, two-word phrases ~18-24 months.

Resources are anything used to achieve goals: human resources (time, energy, knowledge, skills, attitudes) and non-human resources (money, material goods, community facilities).

Family life-cycle stages: beginning family (childless couple), expanding (childbearing), launching (children leave), aging (empty nest to retirement); needs shift at each stage.

Family types by composition: nuclear, joint/extended, single-parent, blended; by residence: patrilocal, matrilocal, neolocal.

Functions of the family: reproduction, socialization, economic provision, emotional security, protection and care of dependents.

Community resources include schools, primary health centres, anganwadi centres, public libraries, panchayat offices, cooperatives and self-help groups; accessibility depends on distance, cost and awareness.

Resource substitution rule: when a resource is scarce, substitute an abundant one - e.g. exchange money for time (paid help) or time for money (home cooking instead of eating out).

Social capital refers to networks of trust and reciprocity; stronger community networks lower the cost of accessing shared resources.

Family income types: money income (wages, rent), real income (goods and services produced at home) and psychic income (satisfaction, prestige).

Management process steps in order: planning, organizing, implementing and evaluating; feedback from evaluation loops back into planning.

Decision-making steps: define the problem, list alternatives, examine resources and constraints, weigh consequences, choose, act, then evaluate the outcome.

Opportunity cost is the value of the next-best alternative forgone; every choice with scarce resources carries one.

Time management tools: priority matrix (urgent vs important), peak-load scheduling (match demanding tasks to high-energy hours), and standardization of routine tasks.

Work simplification principles: eliminate unnecessary steps, combine tasks, rearrange sequence, simplify motions; aims to reduce fatigue and time without lowering output quality.

Money management sequence: set goals, prepare a budget, record expenditure, compare actual with planned, adjust; budget surplus = income minus expenditure.

Standard of living is measured by goods and services consumed; quality of life adds non-material factors such as health, leisure and satisfaction.

Delegation and division of labour increase family efficiency by matching tasks to individual skills and available time.

Six nutrient classes: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water; carbohydrates and fats are energy-yielding (4, 4 and 9 kcal/g for carbohydrate, protein and fat respectively).

Balanced diet supplies energy and all nutrients in correct proportion; ICMR-NIN recommends cereals as the major energy source with pulses, milk, vegetables, fruits, fats and sugar in decreasing amounts.

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A - night blindness/xerophthalmia; vitamin D - rickets/osteomalacia; iron - anaemia; iodine - goitre; vitamin B1 - beriberi; vitamin C - scurvy; protein-energy - marasmus and kwashiorkor.

Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K are stored in the liver and can be toxic in excess; water-soluble B-complex and C are excreted and need daily intake.

Food groups (five-food-group plan): cereals and millets; pulses and legumes; milk and meat; fruits and vegetables; fats and sugars.

Food safety principles: personal hygiene, safe water, thorough cooking, proper storage temperature, separation of raw and cooked food, and protection from pests.

Methods of food preservation: drying, salting, pickling, canning, freezing, irradiation and addition of preservatives; each works by limiting microbial growth or enzyme action.

Nutritional assessment uses anthropometry (weight-for-age, height-for-age, BMI), clinical signs, dietary surveys and biochemical tests.

Fibre classification: natural (cotton, linen, silk, wool) and man-made (regenerated such as rayon, and synthetic such as polyester, nylon, acrylic).

Cotton is a cellulose fibre: strong when wet, absorbs moisture well, shrinks, wrinkles, and is damaged by strong acids but resistant to alkalis (hence scouring and mercerization).

Wool is a protein fibre with scales and crimp: warm, elastic, felts on agitation in hot water, damaged by alkalis and bleaches, attacked by moths.

Silk is a protein filament: lustrous, strong, low elasticity, harmed by sunlight, perspiration and alkalis; degumming removes sericin.

Polyester is a synthetic fibre: high strength, low moisture absorbency, thermoplastic (heat-set pleats), quick-drying and resistant to moths and mildew.

Weave types: plain (strongest, e.g. muslin, canvas), twill (diagonal, e.g. denim, gabardine), satin (lustrous float, low friction), plus knitted structures for stretch.

Finishes: mercerization (cotton lustre and strength), sanforization (shrinkage control), calendering (smoothness), water-repellent and flame-retardant finishes.

Laundry care rules: sort by colour and fabric, use correct water temperature, avoid chlorine bleach on wool and silk, dry synthetics away from direct heat.

Functions of housing: shelter and protection, privacy, space for family activities, health and safety, and social status.

Activity zones: living/social (public), sleeping/private, service/work (kitchen, utility); zoning separates noisy from quiet areas and wet from dry areas.

Circulation planning: minimize through-traffic in work areas, provide direct paths between related zones, and keep a minimum clear passage width in corridors and kitchens.

Kitchen work triangle links sink, cooking range and refrigerator; total leg length is kept short and unobstructed for efficiency.

Principles of design: balance (symmetrical/asymmetrical), rhythm, emphasis, proportion, scale and unity/harmony.

Elements of design: line, form, colour, texture, space and light; colour schemes are monochromatic, analogous, complementary or triadic.

Lighting types: ambient (general), task (focused, e.g. over a counter), accent (decorative); natural light reduces energy cost.

Ventilation and sanitation: cross-ventilation, adequate daylight, safe water supply, drainage and waste disposal are basic housing health requirements.

Consumer responsibilities: be informed, read labels, keep bills and warranties, buy from licensed sellers, and complain through proper channels.

Consumer Protection Act, 2019 defines consumer rights: safety, information, choice, being heard, redressal and consumer education, and created the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA).

Three-tier redressal under the 2019 Act: District Commission, State Commission and National Commission, with pecuniary limits set by notification; complaints can be filed within two years of the cause of action.

Redressal forums may order replacement, refund, compensation for loss, and removal of defective goods or deficient services.

Standardization marks: ISI/BIS for industrial goods, Agmark for agricultural products, FSSAI licence for food, Hallmark for gold jewellery, and e-mark for electronics.

Label information on packaged food: name of food, ingredients, net quantity, nutrition information, veg/non-veg mark, best-before/use-by date, FSSAI licence number and allergen declaration.

Consumer aids: advertisements, labels, brand names, price tags, guarantees, warranties and standard marks; misleading advertisements are an unfair trade practice.

Redressal channels: complaint to seller, then manufacturer, then consumer commission, consumer helpline, or online grievance portals.

Growth is quantitative and measurable (height, weight); development is qualitative and functional (skills, reasoning, emotional regulation).

Prenatal stages: germinal (first two weeks), embryonic (weeks 3-8, organogenesis, highest teratogen risk), fetal (week 9 to birth, growth and maturation).

Piaget's sequence: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational; conservation appears at the concrete operational stage.

Erikson's adolescent crisis is identity versus role confusion; the infancy crisis is trust versus mistrust, resolved through consistent care.

Kohlberg's levels are preconventional, conventional and postconventional; progression depends on cognitive maturity and social experience.

Attachment patterns from the Strange Situation: secure, avoidant, resistant and disorganized; secure attachment predicts better social adjustment.

Adolescence includes the pubertal growth spurt, secondary sexual characteristics, formal operational reasoning and identity exploration.

Motor and language milestones follow a cephalocaudal and proximodistal sequence: head control, sitting, walking, then two-word phrases.

Resources divide into human (time, energy, knowledge, skills) and non-human (money, goods, facilities); only time and energy are strictly limited per person per day.

Family life cycle: beginning, expanding, launching and aging stages, each with different resource demands.

Family types by composition: nuclear, joint/extended, single-parent and blended; by residence: patrilocal, matrilocal, neolocal.

Family functions: reproduction, socialization, economic provision, emotional support and protection of dependents.

Community resources include anganwadi centres, primary health centres, schools, libraries, cooperatives, self-help groups and panchayat services.

Substitution rule: replace a scarce resource with an available one, e.g. use time instead of money or share a facility instead of owning it.

Social capital is the network of trust and reciprocity that lowers the cost of accessing shared resources.

Income types: money income (wages, rent), real income (home-produced goods and services) and psychic income (satisfaction and prestige).

Management cycle: planning, organizing, implementing, evaluating, with feedback from evaluation returning to planning.

Decision-making steps: identify the problem, list alternatives, assess resources and constraints, weigh consequences, choose, act and evaluate.

Opportunity cost is the value of the next-best alternative forgone whenever a choice is made.

Budget surplus equals income minus expenditure; a negative result is a deficit requiring adjustment of goals or spending.

Work simplification: eliminate, combine, rearrange and simplify steps to cut fatigue and time without reducing quality.

Priority matrix classifies tasks by urgency and importance; important-but-not-urgent tasks should be scheduled before they become crises.

Standard of living is measured by goods and services consumed; quality of life also includes health, leisure and satisfaction.

Division of labour and delegation match tasks to individual skills and available time, raising family efficiency.

Energy values: carbohydrate 4 kcal/g, protein 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g; carbohydrates and fats are the main energy-yielding nutrients.

Deficiency mapping: vitamin A - night blindness; vitamin D - rickets; iron - anaemia; iodine - goitre; vitamin C - scurvy; protein-energy - marasmus and kwashiorkor.

Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K are stored in the liver and can be toxic in excess; B-complex and C are water-soluble and excreted daily.

Five-food-group plan: cereals and millets; pulses and legumes; milk and meat; fruits and vegetables; fats and sugars.

Food safety rules: personal hygiene, safe water, thorough cooking, correct storage temperature, separation of raw and cooked food, protection from pests.

Preservation methods include drying, salting, pickling, canning, freezing, irradiation and preservatives; each limits microbial growth or enzyme action.

Nutritional assessment uses anthropometry (weight-for-age, height-for-age, BMI), clinical signs, dietary surveys and biochemical tests.

ICMR-NIN balanced diet guidance places cereals as the major energy source, with pulses, milk, vegetables, fruits, fats and sugar in decreasing amounts.

Fibres are natural (cotton, linen, silk, wool) or man-made (regenerated rayon; synthetic polyester, nylon, acrylic).

Cotton is cellulose: strong when wet, absorbent, shrinks and wrinkles, damaged by strong acids, resistant to alkalis used in scouring and mercerization.

Wool is protein with scales and crimp: warm, elastic, felts on agitation in hot water, damaged by alkalis and bleaches, attacked by moths.

Silk is a protein filament: lustrous, strong, low elasticity, harmed by sunlight, perspiration and alkalis; degumming removes sericin.

Polyester is synthetic: high strength, low moisture absorbency, thermoplastic (heat-set pleats), quick-drying, resistant to moths and mildew.

Weave types: plain (strongest, e.g. muslin, canvas), twill (diagonal, e.g. denim, gabardine), satin (lustrous float, low friction), plus knits for stretch.

Finishes: mercerization (cotton lustre and strength), sanforization (shrinkage control), calendering (smoothness), water-repellent and flame-retardant finishes.

Laundry rules: sort by colour and fabric, use correct water temperature, avoid chlorine bleach on wool and silk, dry synthetics away from direct heat.

Housing functions: shelter and protection, privacy, space for activities, health and safety, and social status.

Zones: living/social (public), sleeping/private, service/work (kitchen, utility); zoning separates noisy from quiet and wet from dry areas.

Circulation planning keeps through-traffic out of work areas and provides direct paths between related zones with minimum clear passage widths.

Kitchen work triangle links sink, cooking range and refrigerator, with a short unobstructed total leg length for efficiency.

Design principles: balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion, scale and unity/harmony; elements are line, form, colour, texture, space and light.

Colour schemes: monochromatic, analogous, complementary and triadic; light colours enlarge the apparent space of a small room.

Lighting types: ambient (general), task (focused over counters or study desks) and accent (decorative); natural light reduces energy cost.

Housing health requirements: cross-ventilation, adequate daylight, safe water supply, drainage and waste disposal.

Consumer responsibilities: be informed, read labels, keep bills and warranties, buy from licensed sellers, complain through proper channels.

Consumer Protection Act, 2019 rights: safety, information, choice, being heard, redressal and consumer education; it established the CCPA.

Three-tier redressal: District, State and National Commissions, with pecuniary limits set by notification; complaints are filed within two years of the cause of action.

Redressal orders may include replacement, refund, compensation for loss and removal of defective goods or deficient services.

Standardization marks: ISI/BIS for industrial goods, Agmark for agricultural products, FSSAI licence for food, Hallmark for gold, e-mark for electronics.

Food label information: food name, ingredients, net quantity, nutrition information, veg/non-veg mark, date marking, FSSAI licence number and allergen declaration.

Consumer aids: advertisements, labels, brand names, price tags, guarantees, warranties and standard marks; misleading advertisements are an unfair trade practice.

Redressal channels: seller, then manufacturer, then consumer commission, consumer helpline or online grievance portals.

Development is lifelong and multidimensional; growth is quantitative increase in size, development is qualitative change in function.

Prenatal sequence: germinal (weeks 0-2), embryonic (weeks 3-8, organogenesis, highest teratogen risk) and fetal (week 9 to birth).

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (object permanence), preoperational (egocentrism), concrete operational (conservation, classification), formal operational (abstract reasoning).

Erikson's crises: trust/mistrust, autonomy/shame, initiative/guilt, industry/inferiority, identity/role confusion, intimacy/isolation, generativity/stagnation, integrity/despair.

Kohlberg's levels: preconventional (punishment, exchange), conventional (good boy/good girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal principles).

Ainsworth's Strange Situation classifies attachment as secure, avoidant, resistant or disorganized; secure attachment acts as a base for exploration.

Adolescence brings the pubertal growth spurt, secondary sexual characteristics, formal operational thought and identity exploration.

Motor milestones follow cephalocaudal and proximodistal order: head control ~3 months, sitting ~6-8 months, walking ~12-15 months, two-word phrases ~18-24 months.

Human resources are time, energy, knowledge, skills and attitudes; non-human resources are money, material goods and community facilities.

Family life-cycle stages: beginning (childless couple), expanding (childbearing), launching (children leave) and aging (empty nest to retirement).

Family types by composition: nuclear, joint/extended, single-parent and blended; by residence: patrilocal, matrilocal and neolocal.

Family functions: reproduction, socialization, economic provision, emotional security and protection of dependents.

Community resources include schools, primary health centres, anganwadi centres, public libraries, panchayat offices, cooperatives and self-help groups.

Resource substitution: when one resource is scarce, exchange it for an abundant one, e.g. pay for help when time is short.

Social capital is the network of trust and reciprocity that lowers the cost of accessing shared resources.

Income types: money income (wages, rent), real income (home-produced goods and services) and psychic income (satisfaction, prestige).

Management process: planning, organizing, implementing and evaluating, with feedback from evaluation looping back to planning.

Decision-making: define the problem, list alternatives, examine resources and constraints, weigh consequences, choose, act and evaluate.

Opportunity cost is the value of the next-best alternative forgone; every choice under scarcity carries one.

Time management tools: priority matrix (urgent vs important), peak-load scheduling and standardization of routine tasks.

Work simplification: eliminate, combine, rearrange and simplify steps to reduce fatigue and time without lowering quality.

Money management sequence: set goals, budget, record expenditure, compare actual with planned and adjust; surplus = income minus expenditure.

Standard of living is measured by goods and services consumed; quality of life adds health, leisure and satisfaction.

Delegation and division of labour match tasks to individual skills and available time, raising family efficiency.

Six nutrient classes: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water; energy values are 4, 4 and 9 kcal/g for carbohydrate, protein and fat.

A balanced diet supplies energy and all nutrients in correct proportion; cereals form the major energy source in ICMR-NIN guidance.

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A - night blindness; vitamin D - rickets; iron - anaemia; iodine - goitre; vitamin B1 - beriberi; vitamin C - scurvy; protein-energy - marasmus and kwashiorkor.

Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K are stored in the liver and can be toxic in excess; water-soluble B-complex and C need daily intake.

Five-food-group plan: cereals and millets; pulses and legumes; milk and meat; fruits and vegetables; fats and sugars.

Food safety principles: personal hygiene, safe water, thorough cooking, proper storage temperature, separation of raw and cooked food and protection from pests.

Preservation methods: drying, salting, pickling, canning, freezing, irradiation and preservatives; each limits microbial growth or enzyme action.

Nutritional assessment uses anthropometry (weight-for-age, height-for-age, BMI), clinical signs, dietary surveys and biochemical tests.

Fibre classification: natural (cotton, linen, silk, wool) and man-made (regenerated rayon; synthetic polyester, nylon, acrylic).

Cotton is cellulose: strong when wet, absorbent, shrinks and wrinkles, damaged by strong acids but resistant to alkalis used in scouring and mercerization.

Wool is protein with scales and crimp: warm, elastic, felts on agitation in hot water, damaged by alkalis and bleaches, attacked by moths.

Silk is a protein filament: lustrous, strong, low elasticity, harmed by sunlight, perspiration and alkalis; degumming removes sericin.

Polyester is synthetic: high strength, low moisture absorbency, thermoplastic (heat-set pleats), quick-drying and resistant to moths and mildew.

Weave types: plain (strongest, e.g. muslin), twill (diagonal, e.g. denim, gabardine), satin (lustrous float, low friction), plus knitted structures for stretch.

Finishes: mercerization, sanforization (shrinkage control), calendering, water-repellent and flame-retardant finishes.

Laundry care: sort by colour and fabric, use correct water temperature, avoid chlorine bleach on wool and silk, dry synthetics away from direct heat.

Functions of housing: shelter and protection, privacy, space for family activities, health and safety, and social status.

Activity zones: living/social (public), sleeping/private and service/work (kitchen, utility); zoning separates noisy from quiet and wet from dry areas.

Circulation planning minimizes through-traffic in work areas, gives direct paths between related zones and keeps minimum clear passage widths.

Kitchen work triangle links sink, cooking range and refrigerator; a short unobstructed total leg length improves efficiency.

Design principles: balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion, scale and unity/harmony; elements are line, form, colour, texture, space and light.

Colour schemes: monochromatic, analogous, complementary and triadic; light colours make a small room appear larger.

Lighting types: ambient (general), task (focused) and accent (decorative); natural light reduces energy cost.

Housing health requirements: cross-ventilation, adequate daylight, safe water supply, drainage and waste disposal.

Consumer responsibilities: be informed, read labels, keep bills and warranties, buy from licensed sellers and complain through proper channels.

Consumer Protection Act, 2019 rights: safety, information, choice, being heard, redressal and consumer education; it created the Central Consumer Protection Authority.

Three-tier redressal: District, State and National Commissions; complaints are filed within two years of the cause of action.

Redressal forums may order replacement, refund, compensation for loss and removal of defective goods or deficient services.

Standardization marks: ISI/BIS for industrial goods, Agmark for agricultural products, FSSAI licence for food, Hallmark for gold and e-mark for electronics.

Food label information: name of food, ingredients, net quantity, nutrition information, veg/non-veg mark, date marking, FSSAI licence number and allergen declaration.

Consumer aids: advertisements, labels, brand names, price tags, guarantees, warranties and standard marks; misleading advertisements are an unfair trade practice.

Redressal channels: complaint to seller, then manufacturer, then consumer commission, consumer helpline or online grievance portals.

Growth is quantitative and measurable; development is qualitative and functional, covering physical, cognitive and socio-emotional domains.

Prenatal stages: germinal (weeks 0-2), embryonic (weeks 3-8, organogenesis, most vulnerable to teratogens) and fetal (week 9 to birth).

Piaget's stages in order: sensorimotor (object permanence), preoperational (egocentrism, symbolic play), concrete operational (conservation, classification), formal operational (abstract reasoning).

Erikson's crises pair each stage with a conflict, from trust/mistrust in infancy to identity/role confusion in adolescence and integrity/despair in old age.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional, conventional and postconventional, progressing with cognitive maturity and social experience.

Ainsworth's Strange Situation classifies attachment as secure, avoidant, resistant or disorganized; secure attachment supports exploration.

Adolescence is marked by puberty, the growth spurt, secondary sexual characteristics, formal operational thought and identity exploration.

Motor milestones follow cephalocaudal and proximodistal order: head control ~3 months, sitting ~6-8 months, walking ~12-15 months, two-word phrases ~18-24 months.

Resources are human (time, energy, knowledge, skills, attitudes) or non-human (money, material goods, community facilities).

Family life cycle: beginning, expanding, launching and aging stages, each with different resource demands.

Family types by composition: nuclear, joint/extended, single-parent and blended; by residence: patrilocal, matrilocal and neolocal.

Family functions: reproduction, socialization, economic provision, emotional security and protection of dependents.

Community resources include schools, primary health centres, anganwadi centres, libraries, panchayat offices, cooperatives and self-help groups.

Resource substitution: when a resource is scarce, substitute an abundant one, e.g. exchange money for time or time for money.

Social capital refers to networks of trust and reciprocity; stronger networks lower the cost of accessing shared resources.

Income types: money income (wages, rent), real income (home-produced goods and services) and psychic income (satisfaction, prestige).

Management process steps in order: planning, organizing, implementing and evaluating; feedback from evaluation returns to planning.

Decision-making steps: define the problem, list alternatives, examine resources and constraints, weigh consequences, choose, act and evaluate.

Opportunity cost is the value of the next-best alternative forgone; every choice with scarce resources carries one.

Time management tools: priority matrix (urgent vs important), peak-load scheduling and standardization of routine tasks.

Work simplification: eliminate unnecessary steps, combine tasks, rearrange sequence and simplify motions to reduce fatigue and time.

Money management sequence: set goals, prepare a budget, record expenditure, compare actual with planned and adjust; surplus = income minus expenditure.

Standard of living is measured by goods and services consumed; quality of life adds health, leisure and satisfaction.

Delegation and division of labour increase family efficiency by matching tasks to skills and available time.

Six nutrient classes: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water; carbohydrate and protein supply 4 kcal/g and fat 9 kcal/g.

A balanced diet supplies energy and all nutrients in correct proportion; ICMR-NIN guidance makes cereals the major energy source.

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A - night blindness; vitamin D - rickets; iron - anaemia; iodine - goitre; vitamin B1 - beriberi; vitamin C - scurvy; protein-energy - marasmus and kwashiorkor.

Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K are stored in the liver and can be toxic in excess; water-soluble B-complex and C are excreted and needed daily.

Five-food-group plan: cereals and millets; pulses and legumes; milk and meat; fruits and vegetables; fats and sugars.

Food safety principles: personal hygiene, safe water, thorough cooking, proper storage temperature, separation of raw and cooked food and protection from pests.

Preservation methods: drying, salting, pickling, canning, freezing, irradiation and preservatives; each limits microbial growth or enzyme action.

Nutritional assessment uses anthropometry (weight-for-age, height-for-age, BMI), clinical signs, dietary surveys and biochemical tests.

Fibre classification: natural (cotton, linen, silk, wool) and man-made (regenerated rayon; synthetic polyester, nylon, acrylic).

Cotton is a cellulose fibre: strong when wet, absorbent, shrinks, wrinkles, damaged by strong acids but resistant to alkalis used in scouring and mercerization.

Wool is a protein fibre with scales and crimp: warm, elastic, felts on agitation in hot water, damaged by alkalis and bleaches, attacked by moths.

Silk is a protein filament: lustrous, strong, low elasticity, harmed by sunlight, perspiration and alkalis; degumming removes sericin.

Polyester is synthetic: high strength, low moisture absorbency, thermoplastic (heat-set pleats), quick-drying and resistant to moths and mildew.

Weave types: plain (strongest, e.g. muslin, canvas), twill (diagonal, e.g. denim), satin (lustrous float, low friction), plus knitted structures for stretch.

Finishes: mercerization (cotton lustre and strength), sanforization (shrinkage control), calendering, water-repellent and flame-retardant finishes.

Laundry care rules: sort by colour and fabric, use correct water temperature, avoid chlorine bleach on wool and silk, dry synthetics away from direct heat.

Functions of housing: shelter and protection, privacy, space for family activities, health and safety, and social status.

Activity zones: living/social (public), sleeping/private and service/work (kitchen, utility); zoning separates noisy from quiet and wet from dry areas.

Circulation planning minimizes through-traffic in work areas, provides direct paths between related zones and keeps minimum clear passage widths.

Kitchen work triangle links sink, cooking range and refrigerator; a short unobstructed total leg length improves efficiency.

Principles of design: balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion, scale and unity/harmony; elements are line, form, colour, texture, space and light.

Colour schemes: monochromatic, analogous, complementary and triadic; light colours enlarge the apparent space of a small room.

Lighting types: ambient (general), task (focused, e.g. over a counter) and accent (decorative); natural light reduces energy cost.

Ventilation and sanitation: cross-ventilation, adequate daylight, safe water supply, drainage and waste disposal are basic housing health requirements.

Consumer responsibilities: be informed, read labels, keep bills and warranties, buy from licensed sellers and complain through proper channels.

Consumer Protection Act, 2019 rights: safety, information, choice, being heard, redressal and consumer education; it established the CCPA.

Three-tier redressal: District, State and National Commissions, with pecuniary limits set by notification; complaints are filed within two years of the cause of action.

Redressal orders may include replacement, refund, compensation for loss and removal of defective goods or deficient services.

Standardization marks: ISI/BIS for industrial goods, Agmark for agricultural products, FSSAI licence for food, Hallmark for gold and e-mark for electronics.

Food label information: name of food, ingredients, net quantity, nutrition information, veg/non-veg mark, date marking, FSSAI licence number and allergen declaration.

Consumer aids: advertisements, labels, brand names, price tags, guarantees, warranties and standard marks; misleading advertisements are an unfair trade practice.

Redressal channels: complaint to seller, then manufacturer, then consumer commission, consumer helpline or online grievance portals.

Development is lifelong and multidimensional; growth is quantitative increase in size, development is qualitative change in function.

Prenatal sequence: germinal (weeks 0-2), embryonic (weeks 3-8, organogenesis, highest teratogen risk) and fetal (week 9 to birth).

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (object permanence), preoperational (egocentrism), concrete operational (conservation, classification), formal operational (abstract reasoning).

Erikson's crises run from trust/mistrust in infancy through identity/role confusion in adolescence to integrity/despair in old age.

Kohlberg's levels: preconventional (punishment, exchange), conventional (good boy/good girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal principles).

Ainsworth's Strange Situation classifies attachment as secure, avoidant, resistant or disorganized; secure attachment acts as a base for exploration.

Adolescence brings the pubertal growth spurt, secondary sexual characteristics, formal operational thought and identity exploration.

Motor milestones follow cephalocaudal and proximodistal order: head control ~3 months, sitting ~6-8 months, walking ~12-15 months, two-word phrases ~18-24 months.

Human resources are time, energy, knowledge, skills and attitudes; non-human resources are money, material goods and community facilities.

Family life-cycle stages: beginning (childless couple), expanding (childbearing), launching (children leave) and aging (empty nest to retirement).

Family types by composition: nuclear, joint/extended, single-parent and blended; by residence: patrilocal, matrilocal and neolocal.

Functions of the family: reproduction, socialization, economic provision, emotional security and protection of dependents.

Community resources include schools, primary health centres, anganwadi centres, public libraries, panchayat offices, cooperatives and self-help groups.

Resource substitution rule: when a resource is scarce, substitute an abundant one, e.g. pay for help when time is short.

Social capital is the network of trust and reciprocity that lowers the cost of accessing shared resources.

Family income types: money income (wages, rent), real income (home-produced goods and services) and psychic income (satisfaction, prestige).

Management process: planning, organizing, implementing and evaluating, with feedback from evaluation looping back to planning.

Decision-making: define the problem, list alternatives, examine resources and constraints, weigh consequences, choose, act and evaluate.

Opportunity cost is the value of the next-best alternative forgone; every choice with scarce resources carries one.

Time management tools: priority matrix (urgent vs important), peak-load scheduling (demanding tasks in high-energy hours) and standardization of routines.

Work simplification principles: eliminate unnecessary steps, combine tasks, rearrange sequence and simplify motions to reduce fatigue and time.

Money management sequence: set goals, prepare a budget, record expenditure, compare actual with planned and adjust; budget surplus = income minus expenditure.

Standard of living is measured by goods and services consumed; quality of life adds non-material factors such as health, leisure and satisfaction.

Delegation and division of labour increase family efficiency by matching tasks to individual skills and available time.

Six nutrient classes: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water; energy values are 4, 4 and 9 kcal/g for carbohydrate, protein and fat.

A balanced diet supplies energy and all nutrients in correct proportion; ICMR-NIN guidance makes cereals the major energy source.

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A - night blindness/xerophthalmia; vitamin D - rickets; iron - anaemia; iodine - goitre; vitamin B1 - beriberi; vitamin C - scurvy; protein-energy - marasmus and kwashiorkor.

Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K are stored in the liver and can be toxic in excess; water-soluble B-complex and C are excreted and need daily intake.

Five-food-group plan: cereals and millets; pulses and legumes; milk and meat; fruits and vegetables; fats and sugars.

Food safety principles: personal hygiene, safe water, thorough cooking, proper storage temperature, separation of raw and cooked food and protection from pests.

Preservation methods: drying, salting, pickling, canning, freezing, irradiation and preservatives; each limits microbial growth or enzyme action.

Nutritional assessment uses anthropometry (weight-for-age, height-for-age, BMI), clinical signs, dietary surveys and biochemical tests.