WBCHSE HS Human Development and Resource Management flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Growth versus development

Growth is a quantitative, measurable increase in body size such as height and weight. Development is qualitative change in function, including motor, cognitive and socio-emotional skills.

Embryonic stage

The prenatal period from about week 3 to week 8, when major organs form through organogenesis. It is the phase of highest vulnerability to teratogens such as alcohol and infections.

Object permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight. Piaget placed its attainment at the end of the sensorimotor stage, around 18 to 24 months.

Identity versus role confusion

Erikson's adolescent psychosocial crisis, resolved by forming a coherent sense of self through exploration of values, peers and future roles. Failure leaves uncertainty about self and purpose.

Secure attachment

An attachment pattern in which an infant uses the caregiver as a safe base for exploration and is comforted on reunion. Identified through Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure.

Human versus non-human resources

Human resources are qualities of people such as time, energy, knowledge, skills and attitudes. Non-human resources are money, material goods and community facilities used to reach goals.

Family life cycle stages

The sequence of beginning, expanding, launching and aging stages in family life. Each stage changes the balance of time, money and care needs within the household.

Real income

The goods and services a family produces or obtains without direct cash payment, such as home-grown food, home sewing or unpaid care work. Distinct from money income.

Resource substitution

Replacing a scarce resource with an available one to reach the same goal, for example using money to buy ready-made food when time is short.

Opportunity cost

The value of the next-best alternative given up when a choice is made. Every decision involving scarce time, money or energy therefore carries an opportunity cost.

Management process

The ordered cycle of planning, organizing, implementing and evaluating. Feedback from evaluation feeds back into planning, making management continuous rather than one-time.

Work simplification

Reducing fatigue and time in a task by eliminating unnecessary steps, combining tasks, rearranging their sequence and simplifying motions, without lowering the quality of output.

Budget surplus

The amount remaining when planned or actual expenditure is subtracted from income. A negative value is a deficit and signals that spending or goals must be adjusted.

Energy value of fat

Fat supplies about 9 kilocalories per gram, compared with 4 kilocalories per gram for carbohydrate and protein. This makes fat the most energy-dense nutrient.

Kwashiorkor and marasmus

Protein-energy malnutrition forms. Kwashiorkor shows oedema and poor growth with adequate energy but low protein; marasmus shows severe wasting from overall energy deficiency.

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E and K, absorbed with dietary fat and stored in the liver. Excess intake can cause toxicity, unlike water-soluble vitamins that are excreted in urine.

Five-food-group plan

A daily diet guide grouping foods as cereals and millets, pulses and legumes, milk and meat, fruits and vegetables, and fats and sugars, used to plan balanced meals.

Mercerization

A finish applied to cotton with strong alkali under tension, which increases lustre, strength and dye uptake. It is why cotton resists alkalis but is damaged by strong acids.

Twill weave

A weave with a diagonal rib effect, made by passing the weft over one or more warp yarns and under two or more. Used in denim and gabardine, it is durable and drapes well.

Thermoplastic fibre

A synthetic fibre that softens with heat and can be reshaped, such as polyester and nylon. This property allows heat-set pleats but makes ironing at high temperature risky.

Kitchen work triangle

The path linking sink, cooking range and refrigerator in a kitchen. A short, unobstructed total leg length reduces walking and improves efficiency of food preparation.

Zoning in housing

Grouping household activities into living or social, sleeping or private, and service or work zones. Zoning separates noisy from quiet and wet from dry areas.

Monochromatic colour scheme

A scheme using one hue in different tints, shades and tones. It creates visual unity and calm, and light tints can make a small room appear larger.

Task lighting

Focused light placed where specific activities occur, such as over a kitchen counter or study desk. It supplements ambient light and reduces eye strain.

Consumer Protection Act, 2019

Indian law defining six consumer rights, establishing the Central Consumer Protection Authority, and setting up District, State and National Commissions for redressal of complaints.

Agmark

A certification mark for agricultural products in India, indicating grade and quality under agricultural marketing rules. It applies to items such as spices, honey and pulses.

FSSAI licence number

A code printed on food labels showing the product is registered with the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. It helps trace and verify packaged food.

Unfair trade practice

A trade practice that adopts deceptive methods to promote sales, such as misleading advertisements, false claims or hidden charges. It is actionable under consumer law.

Formal operational stage

Piaget's final stage, from about age eleven onward, when thinking becomes abstract, hypothetical and systematic. It enables scientific reasoning and consideration of possibilities.

Social capital

The network of trust, norms and reciprocity among people that eases cooperation. Strong social capital lowers the cost of accessing shared community resources.

Sanforization

A mechanical finishing process that compresses cotton fabric to control shrinkage during washing. It improves dimensional stability of garments made from the fabric.

Hallmark

An official mark stamped on gold jewellery in India, certifying purity and fineness. It protects buyers from under-karat gold and is administered by the Bureau of Indian Standards.