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WBCHSE HS Human Development and Resource Management study materials
WBCHSE HS Human Development and Resource Management study resources

WBCHSE HS Human Development and Resource Management practice questions

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Question 1Human Development: Concepts and Stages

In the study of human development, which statement best describes the principle of 'development proceeds from head to tail'?

  1. Development in one area always compensates for delay in another area
  2. Fine finger movements mature earlier than gross arm movements
  3. Motor control of the head and upper body appears before control of the legs and lower body Correct answer.
  4. Growth of the legs accelerates before growth of the head during infancy

Explanation

The cephalocaudal principle states that growth and motor control follow a head-to-tail direction, so infants lift and control the head before they can sit, crawl or walk. This reflects the early maturation of the brain and upper body structures relative to the lower limbs.

Question 2Human Development: Concepts and Stages

A child first grasps an object with the whole hand and only later develops the ability to pick it up with thumb and index finger. Which developmental principle does this illustrate?

  1. Cephalocaudal development
  2. Discontinuity of development
  3. Regression of motor skills
  4. Proximodistal development Correct answer.

Explanation

Proximodistal development means control moves from the central axis of the body outward toward the extremities, so gross whole-hand grasping appears before refined finger movements. The thumb-and-index pincer grip is a later, more distal skill.

Question 3Human Development: Concepts and Stages

Which term describes the influence of heredity on development?

  1. Socialisation
  2. Nature Correct answer.
  3. Nurture
  4. Maturation

Explanation

In the nature–nurture debate, nature refers to the genetic and biological inheritance that shapes traits and potential. Nurture, by contrast, refers to environmental influences such as family, diet and schooling.

Question 4Human Development: Concepts and Stages

According to Jean Piaget, in which stage does a child first become able to conserve quantity and think logically about concrete objects?

  1. Formal operational stage
  2. Preoperational stage
  3. Concrete operational stage Correct answer.
  4. Sensorimotor stage

Explanation

Piaget placed conservation and logical reasoning about tangible objects in the concrete operational stage, roughly from seven to eleven years. During this stage children overcome the centration that characterises preoperational thought.

Question 5Human Development: Concepts and Stages

A preoperational child is shown two identical glasses with equal amounts of water, then watches the water from one glass being poured into a tall narrow glass. The child says the tall glass now holds more. Which limitation of preoperational thought does this demonstrate?

  1. Centration on a single perceptual dimension Correct answer.
  2. Reversibility of operations
  3. Object permanence failure
  4. Conservation of number

Explanation

The child focuses on the height of the water column while ignoring its width, which is centration on one perceptual dimension. This inability to consider two dimensions at once prevents conservation of liquid quantity.

Question 6Human Development: Concepts and Stages

According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, which crisis is central to infancy?

  1. Trust versus mistrust Correct answer.
  2. Initiative versus guilt
  3. Industry versus inferiority
  4. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Explanation

Erikson's first psychosocial crisis, in infancy, is trust versus mistrust, resolved through consistent and responsive caregiving. When care is reliable the infant develops a sense of trust in others and the world.

Question 7Human Development: Concepts and Stages

A six-year-old who has recently started school is praised by the teacher for completing a project and feels proud of the achievement. In Erikson's terms, the child is successfully resolving which psychosocial crisis?

  1. Trust versus mistrust
  2. Intimacy versus isolation
  3. Industry versus inferiority Correct answer.
  4. Identity versus role confusion

Explanation

In middle childhood the child's task is industry versus inferiority, where success in school and peer activities builds a sense of competence. Praise for completed work supports industry rather than inferiority.

Question 8Human Development: Concepts and Stages

Which statement correctly describes the id in Sigmund Freud's structure of personality?

  1. It represents internalised moral standards acquired from caregivers
  2. It operates on the reality principle and negotiates with the external world
  3. It is the conscious, rational part of the mind that plans and reasons
  4. It operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of instinctual drives Correct answer.

Explanation

Freud described the id as the primitive, largely unconscious source of instinctual energy governed by the pleasure principle. It seeks immediate satisfaction of drives without regard to reality or morality.

Question 9Human Development: Concepts and Stages

In Freud's psychosexual theory, which stage centres on toilet training and is associated with the child's developing control over bodily functions?

  1. Oral stage
  2. Phallic stage
  3. Latency stage
  4. Anal stage Correct answer.

Explanation

The anal stage, occurring in the second and third years, coincides with toilet training and the conflict over control and autonomy. It follows the oral stage and precedes the phallic stage.

Question 10Human Development: Concepts and Stages

John Bowlby's attachment theory holds that a strong, consistent bond with a primary caregiver in early life mainly serves which function?

  1. It replaces the need for peer relationships in later life
  2. It provides a secure base from which the child can explore and regulate emotion Correct answer.
  3. It determines the child's inherited intelligence quotient
  4. It removes the influence of temperament on personality

Explanation

Bowlby argued that early attachment provides a secure base that supports exploration and emotional regulation. The quality of this bond shapes later expectations and relationships without fixing them completely.

Question 11Human Development: Concepts and Stages

In Ainsworth's strange-situation procedure, a toddler who shows little distress when the mother leaves and avoids or ignores her on return is best described as displaying which attachment pattern?

  1. Ambivalent attachment
  2. Avoidant attachment Correct answer.
  3. Secure attachment
  4. Disorganised attachment

Explanation

Avoidant attachment is marked by apparent indifference to separation and avoidance of the caregiver on reunion. The child has learned that proximity-seeking does not reliably bring comfort.

Question 12Human Development: Concepts and Stages

What does the term 'critical period' mean in the study of human development?

  1. The interval between conception and the first birthday
  2. A stage in which development slows down and remains stable for several years
  3. The period when an individual is most likely to experience a growth spurt
  4. A limited time window during which a particular developmental capacity must be acquired for normal development to occur Correct answer.

Explanation

A critical period is a bounded window in which a specific capacity, such as certain sensory or language functions, must be stimulated for typical development. If the opportunity is missed, the deficit may be difficult or impossible to reverse.

Question 13Human Development: Concepts and Stages

Which of the following is the best example of a fine motor skill rather than a gross motor skill?

  1. Jumping over a low hurdle
  2. Buttoning a shirt Correct answer.
  3. Kicking a ball
  4. Walking across a room

Explanation

Fine motor skills involve small, precise movements of the hands and fingers, such as buttoning or threading beads. Gross motor skills involve large muscle groups and whole-body movement.

Question 14Human Development: Concepts and Stages

Which sequence correctly reflects the typical order of gross motor milestones in infancy?

  1. Head control, rolling over, sitting without support, crawling, walking Correct answer.
  2. Sitting without support, head control, crawling, walking, rolling over
  3. Walking, sitting without support, head control, rolling over, crawling
  4. Crawling, head control, walking, rolling over, sitting without support

Explanation

Gross motor development follows the cephalocaudal pattern, with head control appearing first and walking last. Rolling, sitting and crawling emerge in between as control extends downward and coordination improves.

Question 15Human Development: Concepts and Stages

In the context of growth monitoring, which measurement is most commonly used to assess a child's nutritional status in relation to age?

  1. Weight for age Correct answer.
  2. Chest circumference for height
  3. Head circumference for age
  4. Arm span for age

Explanation

Weight for age is a standard anthropometric index for detecting underweight and monitoring nutrition over time. It is combined with height for age and weight for height in growth assessment.

Question 16Human Development: Concepts and Stages

Which of the following best describes the term 'growth' as distinct from 'development'?

  1. A qualitative change in abilities and behaviour over time
  2. The process of learning social roles within a family
  3. An increase in physical size that can be measured in units such as centimetres and kilograms Correct answer.
  4. The unfolding of moral reasoning across stages

Explanation

Growth refers to quantitative, measurable increases in body size and mass, such as height and weight. Development is broader and includes qualitative changes in skills, behaviour and functioning.

Question 17Human Development: Concepts and Stages

A researcher observes that children in a community who eat more diverse diets also score higher on tests of attention. Which statement is the most appropriate interpretation?

  1. The finding shows that attention determines dietary diversity
  2. The association can be ignored because it is not a controlled experiment
  3. The finding proves that diet is the only factor influencing attention
  4. The association suggests a relationship but does not by itself prove that diet causes better attention Correct answer.

Explanation

Correlational findings show that two variables vary together but cannot establish the direction of influence or rule out other factors. Only controlled or longitudinal designs can strengthen causal claims about diet and attention.

Question 18Human Development: Concepts and Stages

Which research design follows the same individuals over an extended period to observe developmental change?

  1. Cross-sectional design
  2. Experimental design
  3. Case study design
  4. Longitudinal design Correct answer.

Explanation

A longitudinal design tracks the same participants repeatedly over time, allowing researchers to observe individual change and continuity. Cross-sectional designs instead compare different age groups at one point in time.

Question 19Human Development: Concepts and Stages

A study compares the memory performance of eight-year-olds and twelve-year-olds tested in the same month. Which limitation is most characteristic of this design?

  1. Age differences may be confounded with cohort or generational differences Correct answer.
  2. It cannot compare children of different ages
  3. It cannot be used to describe average differences between age groups
  4. It requires following the same children for many years

Explanation

A cross-sectional comparison confounds age with cohort, because the two age groups were born in different years and may differ in schooling or other experiences. Longitudinal designs help separate age effects from cohort effects.

Question 20Human Development: Concepts and Stages

Which of the following is a characteristic of adolescence in the context of human development?

  1. The formation of the superego during toilet training
  2. The completion of all physical growth and the start of old age
  3. The onset of puberty and the search for a coherent sense of identity Correct answer.
  4. The emergence of the pincer grasp and object permanence

Explanation

Adolescence is marked by pubertal maturation and by Erikson's identity versus role confusion crisis, as young people explore who they are. It is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood.

Question 21Human Development: Concepts and Stages

During adolescence, which change is an example of secondary sexual development rather than a primary sexual change?

  1. Growth of the uterus and ovaries
  2. Deepening of the voice in boys Correct answer.
  3. Maturation of the testes
  4. First occurrence of menstruation

Explanation

Secondary sexual characteristics are outward signs of maturation such as voice change, breast development and body hair. Primary sexual changes involve the reproductive organs themselves, such as the uterus, ovaries and testes.

Question 22Human Development: Concepts and Stages

Which statement best reflects the concept of developmental milestones?

  1. They are exact deadlines by which every child must acquire each skill
  2. They apply only to cognitive skills and exclude physical or social skills
  3. They are approximate ages at which most children acquire particular skills, with normal variation around them Correct answer.
  4. They are fixed by heredity and cannot be influenced by environment

Explanation

Milestones describe typical ages at which most children attain skills such as sitting or first words, and they allow for individual variation. They are descriptive reference points, not rigid deadlines.

Question 23Human Development: Concepts and Stages

A child of eight years is asked to explain why a friend is upset and considers the friend's point of view. Which developmental capacity is most clearly demonstrated?

  1. Object permanence
  2. Egocentric thought
  3. Conservation of mass
  4. Perspective taking and empathy Correct answer.

Explanation

Perspective taking is the ability to infer another person's thoughts and feelings, which supports empathy and prosocial behaviour. It develops notably as children move beyond the egocentrism of early childhood.

Question 24Human Development: Concepts and Stages

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'temperament'?

  1. A stable, inborn style of responding to situations, such as being highly active or easily soothed Correct answer.
  2. A moral judgement formed during adolescence
  3. A temporary emotional reaction to a single event
  4. A learned habit acquired through repeated classroom instruction

Explanation

Temperament refers to relatively stable, biologically based differences in reactivity and self-regulation that appear early in life. It is broader than a momentary emotion and is not simply learned.

Question 25Human Development: Concepts and Stages

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, a child who obeys rules mainly to avoid punishment is reasoning at which level?

  1. Intuitive level
  2. Conventional level
  3. Postconventional level
  4. Preconventional level Correct answer.

Explanation

Kohlberg's preconventional level is based on external consequences, such as avoiding punishment or gaining rewards. Conventional reasoning instead focuses on social approval and maintaining the social order.

Question 26Human Development: Concepts and Stages

In the study of human development, which statement best distinguishes 'development' from mere change?

  1. Development is a progressive, orderly series of changes that moves toward greater maturity and competence. Correct answer.
  2. Development is a random set of fluctuations that cannot be predicted from one age to the next.
  3. Development refers to any alteration in a person over time, whether or not it follows a pattern.
  4. Development is limited to increases in body size and weight measurable in centimetres and kilograms.

Explanation

Development is understood as a systematic, sequential and cumulative process of change that generally moves toward maturity and improved functioning. Mere change can be temporary or directionless, which is why growth and random fluctuation are not equivalent to development. The key markers are orderliness, direction and increasing competence.

Question 27Human Development: Concepts and Stages

A researcher wants to know whether the same group of children becomes more prosocial as they move from age six to age ten. Which research design is most appropriate for this aim?

  1. A cross-sectional design comparing six-year-olds and ten-year-olds tested at the same time
  2. A case study of one child observed intensively during a single week
  3. A longitudinal design following the same children and re-testing them over four years Correct answer.
  4. A correlational design relating diet quality to prosocial scores at one point in time

Explanation

Longitudinal designs track the same individuals repeatedly over time, so they can show within-person change as children grow older. Cross-sectional designs compare different age groups at one moment and therefore confound age with cohort differences. Only repeated testing of the same children directly answers the question about change from six to ten years.

Question 28Human Development: Concepts and Stages

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, a child's school and neighbourhood belong to which system?

  1. The exosystem, because the child does not directly take part in them
  2. The microsystem, because they are settings in which the child directly participates Correct answer.
  3. The chronosystem, because they change with historical time
  4. The macrosystem, because they reflect broad cultural values

Explanation

In Bronfenbrenner's model the microsystem comprises the immediate settings in which the developing person actually takes part, such as family, school, peer group and neighbourhood. The exosystem covers settings that affect the child indirectly without the child's participation. The macrosystem refers to cultural blueprints, and the chronosystem to time-related change.

Question 29Human Development: Concepts and Stages

A mother notices that her two-year-old uses the word 'dog' for every four-legged animal she sees. In Piaget's terms, this behaviour best illustrates which process?

  1. Assimilation, because the child fits new experiences into an existing scheme Correct answer.
  2. Equilibration, because the child resolves a conflict between schemes
  3. Object permanence, because the child understands that the animal continues to exist
  4. Accommodation, because the child changes an existing scheme to fit new information

Explanation

Assimilation occurs when new experience is interpreted through an existing mental scheme, so all four-legged animals are fitted into the child's 'dog' category. Accommodation would involve modifying the scheme to create separate categories for cats and horses. Equilibration is the broader balancing process, and object permanence concerns the stability of objects when out of sight.

Question 30Human Development: Concepts and Stages

Which of the following is the clearest example of a gross motor skill rather than a fine motor skill?

  1. Threading beads onto a string
  2. Holding a crayon in a tripod grip
  3. Buttoning the buttons of a shirt
  4. Hopping on one foot across a room Correct answer.

Explanation

Gross motor skills involve the large muscle groups of the body and produce whole-body movements such as walking, running, jumping and hopping. Fine motor skills require precise control of the small muscles of the hand and fingers. Threading beads, gripping a crayon and buttoning all depend on hand-eye coordination of small muscles.

Question 31Human Development: Concepts and Stages

A child of about nine months can sit without support but cannot yet walk alone. Which principle best explains this pattern of development?

  1. The principle of regression, because earlier skills are lost as later ones appear
  2. Cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles, because control develops from head to foot and from the centre of the body outward Correct answer.
  3. The principle of discontinuity, because development proceeds in abrupt, unrelated jumps
  4. The principle of individual difference, because every child develops at a completely unpredictable rate

Explanation

Motor control follows a cephalocaudal direction, from head to trunk and then to legs, and a proximodistal direction, from the central body outward to the extremities. This is why head control precedes sitting, and sitting precedes independent walking. These principles describe the typical sequence rather than a rigid timetable.

Question 32Human Development: Concepts and Stages

In the context of growth monitoring, a child's weight-for-age falling well below the reference median most directly suggests which concern?

  1. Underweight or undernutrition, because weight is low relative to age Correct answer.
  2. Obesity, because weight is the measure being plotted
  3. Stunting, because height has been affected before weight
  4. A normal variant, because weight-for-age is not used in growth charts

Explanation

Weight-for-age compares a child's weight with the reference values for children of the same age, so a value far below the median indicates underweight and raises concern about undernutrition or illness. Stunting is identified through height-for-age, not weight-for-age. Obesity would appear as a value well above the median.

Question 33Human Development: Concepts and Stages

Which statement correctly describes the role of the superego in Freud's structure of personality?

  1. It operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of instincts.
  2. It represents internalised moral standards and the conscience, producing guilt when rules are violated. Correct answer.
  3. It consists entirely of unconscious biological drives present from birth.
  4. It functions as the realistic mediator that balances the demands of the other two structures.

Explanation

The superego develops through identification with caregivers and society, and it internalises moral standards, ideals and prohibitions. It acts as the conscience, generating guilt when the person violates those standards. The id follows the pleasure principle, while the ego mediates realistically between id, superego and reality.

Question 34Human Development: Concepts and Stages

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, which crisis is characteristic of the primary school years, roughly six to twelve years?

  1. Industry versus inferiority Correct answer.
  2. Trust versus mistrust
  3. Intimacy versus isolation
  4. Identity versus role confusion

Explanation

Erikson placed industry versus inferiority in the school-age years, when children seek to master tasks, gain competence and win recognition from teachers and peers. Repeated failure or criticism can foster feelings of inferiority. Trust versus mistrust belongs to infancy, identity versus role confusion to adolescence, and intimacy versus isolation to young adulthood.

Question 35Human Development: Concepts and Stages

A twelve-year-old begins to argue that a rule about sharing classroom equipment is unfair because it ignores students who need extra time. Which cognitive change does this most clearly reflect?

  1. The loss of conservation ability, since the child now questions established rules
  2. The emergence of concrete operational thinking, limited to reasoning about tangible objects
  3. The persistence of egocentric thinking, since the child considers only personal inconvenience
  4. The emergence of formal operational thinking, allowing abstract reasoning about fairness and hypothetical cases Correct answer.

Explanation

Formal operational thought, emerging in adolescence, enables abstract reasoning, consideration of hypothetical possibilities and evaluation of rules against general principles such as fairness. Concrete operational thinking is tied to tangible situations, and conservation is a concrete-operational achievement rather than something lost. Questioning rules on principle signals a move beyond egocentrism.

Question 36Human Development: Concepts and Stages

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'temperament' in a young child?

  1. A child who behaves politely at a family function because guests are present
  2. A child who can name the capital cities of all Indian states after studying a map
  3. A child who becomes good at cricket after several months of regular coaching
  4. A child who is consistently shy and slow to warm up in unfamiliar situations from infancy onward Correct answer.

Explanation

Temperament refers to relatively stable, biologically based differences in behavioural style, such as activity level, sociability and emotional reactivity, which appear early and persist across situations. A consistent shy and slow-to-warm pattern from infancy fits this definition. Skills gained through coaching or study, and behaviour shaped by a specific social occasion, are not temperament.

Question 37Human Development: Concepts and Stages

In Kohlberg's theory, a child who returns a borrowed book only because the teacher will punish those who keep books is reasoning at which level?

  1. Preconventional level, punishment and obedience orientation Correct answer.
  2. Conventional level, good boy-good girl orientation
  3. Conventional level, law and order orientation
  4. Postconventional level, universal ethical principles

Explanation

Kohlberg's preconventional level is based on the direct consequences of action for the self, and its first orientation is obedience to avoid punishment. Acting to avoid a teacher's punishment therefore exemplifies preconventional reasoning. Conventional reasoning focuses on social approval or maintaining rules, and postconventional reasoning appeals to abstract principles.

Question 38Human Development: Concepts and Stages

Which statement best captures the concept of developmental milestones?

  1. They are fixed deadlines that every child must meet on the exact same date or be considered delayed.
  2. They are optional achievements that have no bearing on later development.
  3. They are typical skills or behaviours expected around a certain age range, used as reference points for monitoring progress. Correct answer.
  4. They are medical diagnoses that confirm a developmental disorder once a single milestone is missed.

Explanation

Developmental milestones are age-linked reference points describing skills most children acquire within a range, such as sitting by around six to eight months. They are used to monitor progress and to identify children who may need further assessment. Because they are ranges rather than fixed deadlines, a single missed milestone does not by itself confirm a disorder.

Question 39Human Development: Concepts and Stages

A child of four years is asked to explain why a friend is crying and says, 'She is sad because her toy broke, and I would be sad too.' Which development does this best illustrate?

  1. The development of fine motor coordination, since the child is speaking clearly
  2. The development of conservation of mass, since the toy has changed form
  3. The development of theory of mind, including understanding another person's mental state Correct answer.
  4. The development of stranger anxiety, since the friend is unfamiliar

Explanation

Theory of mind is the capacity to attribute mental states, such as beliefs and feelings, to oneself and others and to recognise that these may differ from one's own. Explaining a friend's sadness by reference to the friend's experience and by analogy with the self reflects this capacity. Conservation, stranger anxiety and motor coordination are unrelated to this reasoning.

Question 40Human Development: Concepts and Stages

A community has poor sanitation and frequent diarrhoeal illness among young children. Using a bioecological and health perspective, which analysis best explains the effect on growth?

  1. Growth is determined only by genetic potential, so sanitation in the community cannot influence it.
  2. Growth faltering in such settings is caused solely by a child's temperament.
  3. Diarrhoea affects height but has no relationship with weight or nutritional status.
  4. Repeated infection directly reduces nutrient absorption and increases nutrient loss, so growth faltering results from the interaction of environment and biology. Correct answer.

Explanation

Repeated diarrhoeal illness impairs nutrient absorption, increases nutrient losses and raises energy needs, so children in poor-sanitation environments are at risk of growth faltering. This illustrates how the physical environment interacts with biology, consistent with a bioecological view of development. Genetic potential alone does not explain such preventable variation in growth.

Question 41Family and Community Resources

In the study of family resource management, which term describes the total of all things a family can draw upon to meet its goals and needs?

  1. Family resources Correct answer.
  2. Family size
  3. Family liabilities
  4. Family rituals

Explanation

Family resources are the sum of human and non-human assets a family can use to reach its goals. They include time, energy, money, knowledge and community support. Liabilities, rituals and size are not resources in this sense.

Question 42Family and Community Resources

Which of the following is classified as a human resource in family resource management?

  1. Personal energy and skills Correct answer.
  2. Kitchen garden produce
  3. A savings account
  4. A rented house

Explanation

Human resources reside in people and include energy, time, knowledge, skills and attitudes. Money, land, buildings and garden produce are non-human or material resources. The classification depends on whether the asset is embodied in family members.

Question 43Family and Community Resources

A family's income is fixed but prices of food items in the local market have risen sharply. Which management response best illustrates the principle of resource substitution?

  1. Buying the same items in smaller quantities
  2. Borrowing money to continue buying the same items
  3. Replacing costly cereals with cheaper local millets of similar nutritive value Correct answer.
  4. Postponing all food purchases until prices fall

Explanation

Substitution means replacing one resource or item with another that serves the same purpose at lower cost. Choosing cheaper millets for similar nutrition keeps the family's food goal intact. Reducing quantity, postponing purchases or borrowing do not substitute an equivalent resource.

Question 44Family and Community Resources

In the management process, which step immediately follows the identification of a problem or need?

  1. Controlling the use of resources
  2. Evaluation of results
  3. Planning and decision making Correct answer.
  4. Implementation of the plan

Explanation

Management moves from recognising a need to planning and deciding how resources will be used. Implementation then follows planning, and evaluation comes after action. Controlling is part of carrying out and checking the plan rather than the step right after problem identification.

Question 45Family and Community Resources

A homemaker lists tasks for the week, groups similar errands and does them on one trip to the market area. Which management technique is being used?

  1. Delegation of authority
  2. Simplification of work Correct answer.
  3. Standardisation of products
  4. Flexibility of standards

Explanation

Simplification means making work easier and shorter by combining or eliminating unnecessary steps. Grouping errands into a single trip saves time and energy without changing the task itself. Standardisation, delegation and flexibility describe different management techniques.

Question 46Family and Community Resources

Which statement best explains why time is described as a unique family resource?

  1. It has the same value for every family member
  2. It cannot be saved, borrowed or replaced once spent Correct answer.
  3. It is available in unlimited quantity to every family
  4. It can be stored for future use like money

Explanation

Time is perishable and irreplaceable; it passes whether or not it is used. Unlike money, it cannot be stored, borrowed or recovered. Its value also differs among individuals and situations rather than being uniform.

Question 47Family and Community Resources

According to the conventional classification of family income, which item is an example of psychic income?

  1. Satisfaction and prestige gained from caring for an elderly parent Correct answer.
  2. Interest earned on a fixed deposit
  3. Rent received from a let-out room
  4. Salary earned from a teaching job

Explanation

Psychic income refers to the non-material rewards a family gains from an activity, such as satisfaction, recognition and happiness. Salary, rent and interest are material or money income. Psychic income improves family well-being even though it adds nothing to the bank balance.

Question 48Family and Community Resources

Which of the following best describes a family's standard of living?

  1. The number of members earning in the family
  2. The level of goods, services and comforts the family habitually uses Correct answer.
  3. The amount of community help the family receives
  4. The total cash saved by the family in a year

Explanation

Standard of living refers to the level of goods, services and comforts a family customarily enjoys. It is broader than savings or earnings alone. It reflects habitual consumption patterns rather than the number of earners or the help received.

Question 49Family and Community Resources

A family decides to buy a refrigerator on instalments instead of paying the full price at once. Which management concept does this decision chiefly illustrate?

  1. Use of credit as a resource Correct answer.
  2. Wastage of family income
  3. Standardisation of consumption
  4. Substitution of goals

Explanation

Using instalments means the family uses credit to obtain a good now and pays over time. Credit is treated as a resource that extends present purchasing power. The decision does not waste income, substitute a goal, or standardise consumption.

Question 50Family and Community Resources

Which of the following is the most appropriate example of a community resource that a family can use for child care support?

  1. A personal bank locker
  2. A private vehicle owned by the family
  3. An anganwadi or ICDS centre in the neighbourhood Correct answer.
  4. A family's own savings account

Explanation

Community resources are services and facilities provided outside the household that families can access. An anganwadi or ICDS centre offers nutrition and early childhood care to the local community. Bank lockers, savings and private vehicles are family-owned resources.