Iran CAO PPL Theory flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

VMC minimum visibility Class G

Below 3,050 m AMSL in Class G airspace, flight visibility must be at least 5 km with 1,500 m horizontal and 300 m vertical distance from cloud.

Semi-circular rule

Magnetic tracks 000–179° use odd flight levels and 180–359° use even flight levels; VFR above 3,050 m AMSL uses 500 ft offsets such as 035 or 055.

Squawk codes 7500 7600 7700

7500 signals unlawful interference, 7600 signals radio communication failure, and 7700 signals a general emergency. These codes are set on the transponder without voice communication.

Converging traffic right of way

When two aircraft converge at similar levels, the aircraft that has the other on its right gives way; head-on both turn right, and the overtaking aircraft keeps clear.

Carburettor icing temperature range

Carburettor icing is most likely with ambient temperatures between about 0 °C and +15 °C and high relative humidity; apply carburettor heat before reducing power for descent.

Blocked static port effects

A blocked static port makes the altimeter freeze at the trapped pressure, the VSI read zero, and the ASI read high in climb and low in descent.

Four-stroke engine cycle

The piston completes induction, compression, power and exhaust strokes while the crankshaft turns twice; the spark occurs near the end of the compression stroke.

Magnetic variation versus deviation

Variation is the angle between true and magnetic north at a location; deviation is the error caused by aircraft magnetic fields, recorded on the compass correction card.

Density altitude formula

Density altitude equals pressure altitude plus 120 times the difference between actual and ISA temperature in degrees Celsius; it determines take-off, climb and landing performance.

Crosswind component formula

Crosswind component equals wind speed multiplied by the sine of the angle between the wind and the runway heading; the headwind component uses the cosine.

Centre of gravity limits

A CG forward of the limit increases stick forces and landing distance; a CG aft of the limit reduces longitudinal stability and makes stall recovery more difficult.

Final reserve fuel

VFR by day requires 30 minutes of final reserve fuel; IFR and night VFR require 45 minutes, in addition to trip, contingency and alternate fuel.

Time of useful consciousness

At 25,000 ft without supplemental oxygen, useful consciousness lasts about 3 to 5 minutes; hypoxia impairs judgement before physical symptoms become obvious.

Hyperventilation correction

Hyperventilation causes dizziness, tingling and anxiety; slow the breathing rate and use oxygen if available, rather than increasing oxygen flow.

IM SAFE checklist

IM SAFE stands for Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue and Emotion; any positive item should prompt a decision not to fly.

Night vision off-centre viewing

Look 10 to 15 degrees off the object to use the more light-sensitive rods, allow about 30 minutes for dark adaptation, and avoid white light in the cockpit.

ISA sea level values

The International Standard Atmosphere has a sea level temperature of 15 °C, pressure of 1013.25 hPa, and a lapse rate of 2 °C per 1,000 ft.

QNH versus QFE

QNH set on the altimeter gives altitude above mean sea level; QFE gives height above the aerodrome reference point. QNE is the standard 1013.25 hPa.

Clear ice versus rime ice

Clear ice forms from large supercooled droplets in cumuliform cloud and is heavy and hard; rime ice forms from small droplets in stratiform cloud and is rough and lighter.

Thunderstorm avoidance distance

Avoid the mature stage of a thunderstorm by at least 20 NM, especially downwind where hail and turbulence can extend beyond the visible cell.

1 in 60 rule

A 1 NM offset after 60 NM flown equals 1 degree of track error; multiply the offset by 60 and divide by distance flown to find the error.

VOR radial definition

A VOR radial is the magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft; the CDI centres when the selected OBS matches the radial being flown.

ADF relative bearing

The ADF needle shows the relative bearing to the station from the aircraft nose; adding it to the magnetic heading gives the magnetic bearing to the station.

DME ground distance

DME provides slant range; ground distance equals the square root of DME squared minus altitude in nautical miles squared.

Engine failure after take-off

Maintain control, pitch for best glide, select a landing area ahead, and do not attempt to turn back below 500 ft above ground level.

Wake turbulence avoidance

Fly above the preceding aircraft's flight path and land beyond its touchdown point; vortices sink and drift downwind from the runway centreline.

Emergency descent procedure

Select idle power, extend speed brakes or flaps as permitted, turn away from the airway, descend to 10,000 ft or minimum safe altitude, and squawk 7700.

Lift formula

Lift equals one half times air density times velocity squared times wing area times lift coefficient; lift rises with the square of speed and with density.

Load factor and stall speed

Stall speed increases with the square root of the load factor; a 60 degree bank gives a load factor of 2 and raises stall speed by about 41 percent.

Critical angle of attack

The wing stalls at the critical angle of attack regardless of speed, weight or attitude; an accelerated stall occurs at higher speed under high load factor.

Read-back requirement

Pilots must read back clearances, runway and hold-short instructions, altimeter settings, headings, speeds and frequencies to confirm correct reception.

MAYDAY versus PAN-PAN

MAYDAY repeated three times signals distress and immediate danger; PAN-PAN repeated three times signals urgency, a serious situation without immediate danger of loss of life.