Konkur-e Farhangian flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

بحر متقارب

Persian meter built on repeated فعولن feet, used for epic poetry such as فردوسی's شاهنامه; each line's pattern must be identical in both hemistiches.

گلستان سعدی

Prose-and-verse Persian classic in eight chapters (باب), mixing short anecdotes with moral maxims; a standard reference for classical prose style in teacher exams.

الأفعال الخمسة

Five present-tense Arabic verb forms ending in ـون، ـين، ـان; they take رفع by ثبوت النون and نصب/جزم by حذف النون.

احکام تکلیفی

The five Shia legal categories of human acts: واجب، مستحب، مباح، مکروه، حرام; they describe obligation and reward rather than validity of acts.

Quadratic discriminant

For ax²+bx+c=0, Δ=b²−4ac. Positive gives two distinct real roots, zero a repeated root, negative a pair of complex conjugate roots.

Logarithm quotient rule

log_a(x/y) = log_a x − log_a y, valid for positive x and y and base a>0, a≠1; it converts division into subtraction.

Law of cosines

a² = b² + c² − 2bc·cos A relates a triangle's sides to the angle opposite side a; it reduces to Pythagoras when A=90°.

Derivative of quotient

(u/v)′ = (u′v − uv′)/v², applied where v≠0; the numerator order matters and cannot be reversed.

Geometric series sum

Sₙ = a₁(1−rⁿ)/(1−r) for r≠1; when |r|<1 the infinite sum converges to a₁/(1−r).

Newton's second law

Net force equals mass times acceleration, F=ma; acceleration is in the direction of the net force and inversely proportional to mass.

Ohm's law

For a conductor at constant temperature, V=IR: voltage equals current times resistance; power dissipated is P=VI=I²R.

Mole and molar mass

One mole contains 6.022×10²³ particles and equals the molar mass in grams; molarity is moles of solute per litre of solution.

pH scale

pH = −log[H⁺]; at 25 °C pH+pOH=14, values below 7 are acidic, above 7 basic, and each unit is a tenfold concentration change.

Photosynthesis equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurring in chloroplasts with light energy; it converts light into chemical energy stored in glucose.

Achaemenid Empire

Persian dynasty (550–330 BCE) founded by کوروش and consolidated by داریوش, known for satrapies, Persepolis, and the royal road.

Mount Damavand

Iran's highest peak, a dormant stratovolcano in the Alborz range reaching about 5,610 m; a standard geography fact in Iranian exams.

Map scale

Ratio of map distance to ground distance, e.g. 1:50,000 means one unit on the map equals 50,000 of the same units on the ground.

Opportunity cost

The value of the best alternative forgone when choosing among scarce options; it underpins the scarcity–choice–cost chain in economics.

Piaget concrete operations

Stage roughly ages 7–11 when children master conservation, classification and reversibility, but still reason about concrete rather than abstract situations.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance; instruction should target this zone with scaffolding.

Erikson identity stage

Adolescent psychosocial crisis of identity versus role confusion, resolved through exploration of values, roles and commitments; success yields a stable self-concept.

Formative assessment

Assessment conducted during instruction to give feedback and adjust teaching; it is low-stakes and not primarily used for final grading.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

Hierarchy of objectives: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create; the first three are lower-order, the last three higher-order thinking.

Wait time

Pause of about three to five seconds after posing a question before calling on students, increasing response length and participation breadth.

Scaffolding

Temporary teacher support (prompts, models, hints) that is gradually withdrawn as learners gain competence, enabling independent performance within the ZPD.

Teacher confidentiality

Professional duty to protect student records and personal disclosures, sharing them only with those who need them for the student's welfare.

Constructive alignment

Design principle linking stated learning objectives, instructional activities and assessment tasks so that assessment actually measures the intended outcomes.

Contrapositive

From "if P then Q" one may validly infer "if not Q then not P"; this is equivalent, unlike the converse "if Q then P".

Successive percentage change

Changes of a% then b% give a net factor of (1+a/100)(1+b/100)−1, which is not simply a+b unless one change is zero.

Combined work rate

If worker A finishes in a hours and B in b hours, together they finish in ab/(a+b) hours, because rates add: 1/a + 1/b.

Average speed equal distances

For two equal-distance legs at speeds v₁ and v₂, average speed is 2v₁v₂/(v₁+v₂), the harmonic mean, not the arithmetic mean.

Syllogism validity

An argument is valid only if the conclusion is true in every situation where the premises hold; true premises with a false conclusion prove invalidity.