Iran Konkur cheat sheet

Adabiyat: arkan-e she'r-e farsi are vazn (meter), qafiye (rhyme), radif (repeated word after rhyme), and meaning; nima'i she'r keeps meter but frees rhyme and line length.

Adabiyat: ghazal, qasida, masnavi, ruba'i, and qet'e differ in rhyme scheme and length; masnavi rhymes within each couplet (aa, bb, cc).

Adabiyat: the four classic types of prose are nasr-e morasal, nasr-e mosajja', nasr-e masnu', and nasr-e 'elmi; mosajja' uses parallel rhyming clauses.

Arabic: the ten triliteral verb forms (awzan) follow fa'ala patterns; ifta'ala (VIII) and istaf'ala (X) commonly carry reflexive or request meaning.

Arabic: i'rab states are raf' (nominative), nasb (accusative), jarr (genitive), and jazm (jussive); jarr applies after prepositions and as the second term of idafa.

Diniyat: the five pillars of Shi'a practice are namaz, ruze, khums, zakat, and hajj; the five roots (osul) are tawhid, 'adl, nubuwwat, imamat, and ma'ad.

English: mixed conditionals pair a past unreal condition with a present result (If I had studied, I would be a doctor now).

English: relative clauses are defining (no commas, 'that' allowed) or non-defining (commas, 'that' not allowed).

Derivative rules: (fg)' = f'g + fg'; (f/g)' = (f'g - fg')/g^2; (f∘g)' = f'(g(x))·g'(x).

Logarithm: log_a(xy) = log_a x + log_a y; log_a(x^n) = n·log_a x; change of base log_a b = ln b / ln a.

Trigonometry: sin^2 x + cos^2 x = 1; sin2x = 2 sin x cos x; cos2x = 1 - 2sin^2 x.

Arithmetic progression: a_n = a_1 + (n-1)d; S_n = n(a_1 + a_n)/2. Geometric: a_n = a_1 r^(n-1); S_n = a_1(1-r^n)/(1-r).

Limit: lim(x→0) sin x / x = 1; lim(x→0)(1-cos x)/x^2 = 1/2; lim(x→∞)(1+1/x)^x = e.

Conic sections: circle x^2+y^2=r^2; ellipse x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2=1 with c^2=a^2-b^2; hyperbola has b^2=c^2-a^2.

Probability: P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B); independent events give P(A∩B) = P(A)P(B).

Kinematics: v = v0 + at; x = v0 t + ½at²; v² = v0² + 2ax (constant acceleration only).

Newton's second law: ΣF = ma; friction f = μN, with static friction up to μ_s N.

Work-energy: W = Fd cosθ; kinetic energy ½mv²; mechanical energy conserved when only conservative forces act.

Momentum: p = mv; impulse J = FΔt = Δp; in a perfectly inelastic collision the bodies move together after impact.

Circular motion: a_c = v²/r; centripetal force F = mv²/r; period T = 2πr/v.

Electricity: V = IR; series R_eq = R1+R2; parallel 1/R_eq = 1/R1 + 1/R2; P = VI = I²R.

Waves: v = fλ; for a string, v = √(F/μ); sound speed rises with temperature in air.

Optics: Snell's law n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2; total internal reflection occurs beyond the critical angle sinθ_c = n2/n1.

Mole: n = m/M; one mole contains 6.022×10^23 particles; molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4 L.

Ideal gas law PV = nRT; at constant T and n, P1V1 = P2V2 (Boyle); at constant P, V1/T1 = V2/T2 (Charles).

pH = -log[H+]; pOH = -log[OH-]; pH + pOH = 14 at 25 °C; strong acid fully dissociates.

Le Chatelier: adding reactant shifts equilibrium right; raising pressure favors the side with fewer gas moles; catalysts do not shift equilibrium.

Oxidation is loss of electrons (increase in oxidation number); reduction is gain; in a redox reaction the oxidizing agent is itself reduced.

Electron configuration follows aufbau order; the 4s orbital fills before 3d; Hund's rule keeps unpaired electrons parallel in degenerate orbitals.

Alkanes C_nH_2n+2 are saturated; alkenes C_nH_2n contain a C=C double bond and decolorize bromine water.

Periodic trends: atomic radius decreases across a period and increases down a group; electronegativity rises across a period.

Cell theory: all living things are made of cells; prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, eukaryotes have both.

Mitosis yields two identical diploid cells; meiosis yields four haploid cells and creates genetic variation via crossing over and independent assortment.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplast thylakoids (light reactions) and stroma (Calvin cycle).

Cellular respiration: glycolysis in cytoplasm, Krebs cycle in mitochondrial matrix, electron transport on the inner membrane; ATP is the main energy currency.

DNA replication is semiconservative; base pairing is A–T and G–C; transcription makes mRNA, translation at ribosomes makes protein.

Mendelian genetics: monohybrid cross of heterozygotes gives 3:1 phenotype; test cross reveals an unknown genotype.

Human blood circulation: blood passes through the heart twice per circuit (pulmonary then systemic); arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Homeostasis examples: insulin lowers blood glucose, glucagon raises it; negative feedback stabilizes internal conditions.

Earth's internal layers: crust, mantle, outer core (liquid), inner core (solid); S-waves cannot pass through liquids, which proves the outer core is liquid.

Plate tectonics: divergent boundaries create new crust (mid-ocean ridges), convergent boundaries produce subduction and mountain belts, transform boundaries cause strike-slip faults.

Earthquake magnitude is measured on the logarithmic Richter scale; each whole number step is about 31.6 times more energy release.

Seismic waves: P-waves are compressional and fastest; S-waves are transverse and slower; surface waves cause the most damage.

Rock types: igneous forms from cooling magma, sedimentary from compaction of deposits, metamorphic from heat and pressure.

Mohs hardness scale runs talc (1) to diamond (10); quartz is 7 and can scratch glass.

Relative dating uses superposition (older layers below) and cross-cutting relationships (a fault is younger than the rock it cuts).

Logic: modus ponens (P→Q, P, therefore Q) is valid; affirming the consequent (P→Q, Q, therefore P) is invalid.

Logic: contradiction means a statement and its negation are both false; contingency means truth depends on circumstances.

Economics: demand curve slopes downward; supply slopes upward; equilibrium is where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.

Economics: GDP = C + I + G + (X − M); inflation erodes purchasing power; opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone.

Geography: climate zones depend on latitude, altitude, distance from sea, and prevailing winds; Iran is mostly arid and semi-arid.

History: the Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) established the Majles; the 1979 Revolution ended the Pahlavi monarchy.

Sociology: socialization transmits norms and values; primary groups are small and intimate, secondary groups are formal and impersonal.

Psychology: classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned one; operant conditioning shapes behavior through reinforcement and punishment.

Visual elements of art: line, shape, form, color, texture, space, and value; principles include balance, rhythm, contrast, unity, and emphasis.

Color theory: primary colors mix to form secondary colors; complementary colors sit opposite on the color wheel and create strong contrast.

Perspective: linear perspective uses a vanishing point; atmospheric perspective fades distant objects with lighter, bluer tones.

Iranian art: miniature painting flourished under the Timurids and Safavids; Kamal al-Molk is associated with Iranian realism.

Architecture: the pointed arch, dome, and muqarnas are hallmarks of Islamic architecture; Persian gardens follow the chahar bagh four-part layout.

Music: rhythm, melody, harmony, and timbre are core elements; Persian classical music uses the dastgah system.

Calligraphy styles include naskh, thuluth, and nastaliq; nastaliq is the classic script for Persian poetry.