Iran Konkur flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Radif in Persian poetry

A word or short phrase repeated immediately after the rhyme at the end of every line in a ghazal or qasida. It follows the qafiye and must match exactly.

Masnavi rhyme scheme

A Persian poetic form in which each couplet rhymes internally (aa, bb, cc) rather than sharing one rhyme across the whole poem. Used for long narrative works such as epics.

Arabic idafa construction

A possessive structure joining two nouns, where the first takes no definite article and the second is in the genitive (majrur). It expresses possession or close relation, like 'book of the student'.

Osul al-Din

The five roots of Shi'a belief: tawhid (oneness of God), 'adl (divine justice), nubuwwat (prophethood), imamat (leadership of the Imams), and ma'ad (resurrection).

Second conditional in English

A sentence describing an unreal or unlikely present situation, formed with 'if' plus past simple and 'would' plus base verb, as in 'If I had time, I would travel'.

Chain rule

A differentiation rule for composite functions: the derivative of f(g(x)) equals f'(g(x)) multiplied by g'(x). It lets you differentiate nested expressions step by step.

Sum of geometric series

For a geometric sequence with first term a and ratio r, the sum of n terms is a(1−r^n)/(1−r) when r is not 1. An infinite series converges only if |r| is below 1.

Ellipse focal relation

For an ellipse x²/a² + y²/b² = 1 with a greater than b, the foci lie on the major axis and satisfy c² = a² − b², where c is the focal distance from center.

Projectile time of flight

For a projectile launched at speed v0 and angle θ, the time to return to launch height is 2v0 sinθ/g, and the horizontal range is v0² sin2θ/g.

Conservation of momentum

In a system with no net external force, total momentum before an interaction equals total momentum after. This holds in collisions and explosions regardless of energy losses.

Critical angle

The angle of incidence above which light traveling from a denser to a less dense medium undergoes total internal reflection. It satisfies sinθ_c = n2/n1.

Molar volume at STP

One mole of any ideal gas occupies about 22.4 liters at standard temperature and pressure (0 °C and 1 atm). This follows from the ideal gas law.

Le Chatelier's principle

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in concentration, pressure, or temperature, it shifts in the direction that partially offsets the disturbance. Catalysts do not shift equilibrium.

Oxidation number change

Oxidation is an increase in oxidation number caused by loss of electrons; reduction is a decrease caused by gain. The oxidizing agent is reduced, and the reducing agent is oxidized.

Meiosis outcome

A cell division producing four haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent. Crossing over in prophase I and independent assortment in metaphase I generate genetic variation.

Glycolysis location and product

The first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm. One glucose molecule is split into two pyruvate molecules, with a net gain of two ATP and two NADH.

Insulin and glucagon

Pancreatic hormones with opposite effects on blood glucose. Insulin lowers glucose by promoting cellular uptake and storage; glucagon raises it by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver.

S-waves and Earth's core

Transverse seismic waves that cannot travel through liquids. Their absence beyond a certain depth shows that Earth's outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid.

Superposition principle

A relative dating rule stating that in undisturbed sedimentary layers, lower layers are older than upper ones. It lets geologists order rock sequences without absolute dating.

Mohs hardness scale

A ten-point scale ranking mineral hardness from talc at 1 to diamond at 10. A mineral can scratch any mineral with a lower number, which helps identify unknown samples.

Modus ponens

A valid logical argument form: if P implies Q, and P is true, then Q must be true. Its validity depends on structure, not on the actual content.

Opportunity cost

The value of the next best alternative given up when a choice is made. It underlies the idea that every decision involving scarce resources has a hidden cost.

Classical conditioning

A learning process in which a neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response on its own, as in Pavlov's salivating dogs.

Primary versus secondary groups

Primary groups are small, intimate, and long-lasting, such as family. Secondary groups are larger, formal, and goal-oriented, such as a workplace or class.

Chahar bagh layout

A Persian garden design dividing the space into four parts by two crossing water channels. It symbolizes paradise and influenced garden architecture across the Islamic world.

Nastaliq script

A flowing Persian calligraphic style known for curved, sloping letters. It is the classic script for writing Persian poetry and is widely used in Iranian art.

Complementary colors

Pairs of colors opposite each other on the color wheel, such as red and green. Placed side by side they produce strong contrast and visual vibration.

Linear perspective

A drawing technique in which parallel lines converge at a vanishing point on the horizon, creating an illusion of depth on a flat surface.

Dastgah system

The modal framework of Persian classical music. Each dastgah defines a set of melodic patterns, scales, and moods used as a basis for improvisation and composition.

Qafiye in Persian verse

The recurring rhyme sound at the end of lines in a poem. It precedes the radif, and its consistency distinguishes forms such as the ghazal from free verse.

Derivative of quotient

For a function f divided by g, the derivative is (f'g − fg') divided by g², provided g is not zero. This rule is essential for rational functions.

Newton's second law

The net force on an object equals its mass times acceleration. It links cause (force) and effect (acceleration) and underlies most classical mechanics problems.