Iran Nezam Architecture Supervision Exam key terms

The detailed local plan approved for a city zone under Iran's urban planning hierarchy, fixing land uses, building density, setbacks, and street widths that every building permit must respect.

The permitted ratio of total built floor area to plot area in a zone, expressed as a percentage or floor-area ratio, controlling how much construction a site may carry.

The share of a plot that may be covered by the building footprint at ground level, limiting how much of the site stays open for light, air, and access.

The municipal authorization issued after technical review of drawings and documents, allowing construction to begin; work started without it is legally unpermitted and subject to stop-work and demolition orders.

The municipal certificate issued after final inspection confirms the building matches its permit, enabling lawful occupancy, utility connection, and registration of the property.

Iran's national seismic design code for buildings, setting design base acceleration by seismic zone, structural analysis methods, detailing requirements, and drift limits for earthquake resistance.

The volume of Iran's National Building Regulations governing design and construction of reinforced concrete buildings, covering materials, durability, member detailing, and seismic confinement rules.

The volume of the National Building Regulations covering design of steel structures, including member proportioning, connections, bracing systems, and fabrication and erection tolerances.

A reduction factor applied to elastic seismic demand to account for a structural system's ductility and overstrength; higher values permit lighter design but demand stricter detailing.

The system of frames, walls, or braces that resists horizontal loads from wind and earthquake and controls building drift, transferring those forces to the foundation.

A reinforced concrete or composite wall designed to resist in-plane lateral forces, providing stiffness and ductility to a building; its reinforcement detailing follows seismic code confinement rules.

A steel connection detailed to transfer shear force between members while allowing relative rotation, commonly used for simply supported beams and checked against bolt or weld capacity.

Fusion joining of structural steel performed to qualified procedures by certified welders, with inspection of welds by visual and non-destructive methods before acceptance.

The sampling, slump and temperature testing, specimen casting, and compressive strength evaluation program that verifies delivered concrete meets the specified class before and during placement.

The measured consistency of fresh concrete indicating how easily it can be placed and compacted; excessive water added on site raises slump but lowers strength and durability.

The thickness of concrete between the outer surface and the nearest reinforcement, protecting steel from corrosion and fire; specified by exposure class and checked with spacers before casting.

Electrochemical deterioration of reinforcing steel caused by moisture, chlorides, and carbonation; it reduces section area and generates expansion forces that crack and spall the concrete cover.

Membrane, coating, or integral systems applied to roofs, wet areas, and foundations to prevent water penetration; workmanship and lap detailing determine performance more than product choice.

Material of low thermal conductivity installed in walls, roofs, and floors to reduce heat transfer; thickness and continuity of the layer govern compliance with energy-saving requirements.

The volume of the National Building Regulations on building energy efficiency, setting envelope thermal performance, glazing limits, and system efficiency requirements aimed at reducing energy consumption.

The calculated rate of heat that must be added or removed to maintain indoor design conditions, derived from envelope transmission, solar gain, occupancy, lighting, and ventilation.

Fan-driven supply or exhaust of air to maintain indoor air quality and control moisture in spaces where natural ventilation is inadequate, such as basements, kitchens, and parking levels.

The volume of the National Building Regulations covering mechanical installations, including heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitary piping, and fuel gas systems in buildings.

The volume of the National Building Regulations governing electrical installations, covering supply design, protection, earthing, sizing of conductors, and safety of wiring systems.

The network of electrodes and conductors bonding exposed metalwork and the supply neutral to earth, providing a low-impedance path so protective devices operate and touch voltages stay safe.

A residual current device that trips when it detects leakage current to earth, protecting people from electric shock and limiting fire risk from insulation faults.

The licensed engineer appointed to monitor a project for conformity with approved drawings, codes, and specifications, reporting deviations and certifying stages of work to the municipality.

The municipal office that issues permits, registers supervising engineers, reviews inspection reports, and enforces compliance, including stop-work orders and referral of violations.

The signed record documenting that works are substantially complete, listing defects to be remedied and starting the defects liability period and the release schedule of retention money.

The contractor's obligation, for an agreed period after handover, to repair defects arising from workmanship or materials at its own cost, secured by retention or a performance guarantee.

A percentage withheld from each progress payment and released after handover and the defects period, giving the employer security for incomplete work or uncorrected defects.

The standard set of contractual terms governing obligations, variations, payment, delay, and dispute resolution in Iranian construction contracts, incorporated by reference into the agreement.

A written instruction from the employer's authorized representative changing scope, quantity, or timing of work, forming the basis for adjusting contract price and time.

The systematic measurement of work items from drawings and the pricing of those quantities against unit rates to produce a bill of quantities and a project cost estimate.

The priced schedule of work items with descriptions and units used for tendering and progress payments; measurement and payment rules follow the national price schedule basis.

The planned measures protecting workers and the public on site, including scaffolding, edge protection, excavation shoring, personal protective equipment, and welfare facilities required by regulation.

A temporary structure supporting workers and materials at height, which must be designed, braced, tied to the building, and inspected before use and after alteration or adverse weather.

Removal of soil for foundations or basements, requiring assessment of adjacent structures, sloping or shoring of sides, and control of groundwater to prevent collapse and settlement damage.

Management of dust, noise, wastewater, and construction waste leaving a site, including containment, permitted disposal routes, and protection of neighboring properties and drainage.