Securities and Other Assets and Liabilities
What this domain tests
This domain covers 売買目的有価証券 and the classification of other assets and liabilities: 前払費用, 未収収益, 前受収益, 未払費用, 未収入金, 未払金, 仮払金, 仮受金, 立替金, and 預り金. Grade 3 tests fair-value adjustment for trading securities and correct balance-sheet placement for temporary and accrued items.
Core rules
- 売買目的有価証券 are measured at fair value at each year-end. The difference goes to 有価証券評価益 or 有価証券評価損, normally non-operating.
- Acquisition cost includes purchase price and incidental costs such as commissions.
- 前払費用 and 未収収益 are assets. 前受収益 and 未払費用 are liabilities.
- 未収入金 and 未払金 are for non-merchandise transactions. 前払金 and 前受金 are advances for goods or services.
- 仮払金 and 仮受金 are temporary suspense accounts; clear them when the purpose is known.
- 立替金 is an asset; 預り金 is a liability.
Worked example
Buy shares for ¥500,000. At year-end, fair value is ¥530,000, so record 有価証券 30,000 / 有価証券評価益 30,000. If fair value were ¥470,000, record 有価証券評価損 30,000 / 有価証券 30,000. For a travel advance of ¥60,000: 仮払金 60,000 / 現金 60,000. The employee spends ¥45,000 and returns ¥15,000: 旅費交通費 45,000 and 現金 15,000 / 仮払金 60,000. The suspense account is cleared; only the expense remains.
Traps
- Revaluing 満期保有目的債券 or 子会社株式 at fair value in a Grade 3 problem.
- Treating 仮払金 as an expense before settlement.
- Classifying 預り金 as an asset.
- Using 買掛金 for a non-merchandise purchase.
- Forgetting that 前受収益 is a liability, not revenue.