Thanawiya Al-Aamma (Science) key terms

اسم مجرور يُضاف إليه اسم قبله لتوضيحه أو تخصيصه، ويكون مجرورًا دائمًا، ولا يدخل عليه حرف تعريف إذا كان المضاف نكرة.

تغيير أواخر الكلمات بتغير موقعها في الجملة، ويشمل الرفع والنصب والجر والجزم، ويُحدد بالعلامات الأصلية أو الفرعية.

مصدر منصوب يُذكر بعد فعله لتوكيده أو بيان نوعه أو عدده، مثل: فرح فرحًا شديدًا، أو فرح فرحتين.

اسم نكرة منصوب يُذكر لرفع الإبهام عن مقدار أو وزن أو مساحة قبله، مثل: اشتريت رطلًا عسلًا.

اسم لا يقبل التنوين ويُجر بالفتحة نيابة عن الكسرة، لعلل مثل العلمية والتأنيث أو صيغة منتهى الجموع.

تعبير ينقل المعنى من حقيقته إلى مجازه لإحداث أثر جمالي، ويشمل التشبيه والاستعارة والكناية والمجاز المرسل.

تشبيه حُذف أحد طرفيه مع بقاء القرينة الدالة عليه، فتصبح الصورة أكثر إيحاءً وإيجازًا، كقولك: رأيت أسدًا يخطب.

تعبير يُطلق ويُراد به لازم معناه مع جواز إرادة المعنى الحقيقي، مثل: فلان طويل اليد أي كثير العطاء أو السرقة.

The sentence that states the main idea of a paragraph, usually placed first, and controls what the remaining supporting sentences must prove or illustrate.

The quality that makes ideas in a text flow logically and connect smoothly, achieved through linking words, pronoun reference, and consistent ordering of information.

Connectors such as however, therefore, moreover, and whereas that signal the relationship between clauses, sentences, or paragraphs, helping readers follow the writer's argument.

The level of formality a writer chooses according to audience and purpose, ranging from informal conversational English to formal academic or official prose.

Restating a text's meaning in different words while keeping the original sense, often used to show comprehension without copying the source wording.

A conclusion a reader draws from evidence in the text rather than from a directly stated fact, requiring the reader to combine clues with background knowledge.

French past tense formed with an auxiliary verb (avoir or être) plus the past participle, used for completed actions and events viewed as finished.

French past tense describing ongoing states, habits, or background in the past, formed from the nous-form stem plus endings -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.

Rule that the past participle agrees in gender and number with a preceding direct object, and with the subject when the auxiliary is être.

For a quadratic ax² + bx + c, the value b² − 4ac; its sign tells whether the equation has two real roots, one repeated root, or no real roots.

For ax² + bx + c = 0, the two roots satisfy α + β = −b/a and αβ = c/a, allowing equations to be built from given roots.

Expansion of (a + b)ⁿ as a sum of terms involving binomial coefficients, written Σ C(n,r) aⁿ⁻ʳ bʳ for r from 0 to n.

A number of the form a + bi where i² = −1; it has a real part a and imaginary part b, and can be shown as a point in the Argand plane.

For vectors a and b, the value |a||b|cos θ, also computed as the sum of products of corresponding components; it equals zero when the vectors are perpendicular.

A line written as r = a + t d, where a is the position vector of a point on the line, d is a direction vector, and t is a real parameter.

The instantaneous rate of change of a function, defined as the limit of the difference quotient, and interpreted geometrically as the gradient of the tangent.

Differentiation rule for composite functions: the derivative of f(g(x)) is f′(g(x))·g′(x), allowing nested expressions to be differentiated step by step.

A point on a curve where the first derivative equals zero; it may be a local maximum, a local minimum, or a point of inflection.

Motion of an object launched into the air and acted on only by gravity; horizontal and vertical components are treated independently, with constant horizontal velocity.

The single force equivalent to several forces acting on a body, found by vector addition; it determines the body's acceleration according to Newton's second law.

The turning effect of a force about a point, equal to force times perpendicular distance from the point to the line of action, measured in newton-metres.

The ratio between limiting friction and the normal reaction between two surfaces, denoted μ; it is dimensionless and depends on the materials in contact.

A measure of spread equal to the square root of the variance, expressing how far values typically lie from the mean in the original units of the data.

A symmetric bell-shaped probability distribution defined by its mean and standard deviation, with about 68% of values within one standard deviation of the mean.

A number between −1 and 1 measuring the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables; values near zero indicate weak linear association.

The product of a body's mass and velocity, a vector quantity conserved in any collision or explosion where no external resultant force acts on the system.

The resultant force on a body equals the rate of change of its momentum; for constant mass this gives F = ma, with force in newtons and acceleration in m/s².

The net work done on a body equals the change in its kinetic energy, linking force and displacement to speed changes without needing details of the motion.

The amount of substance containing 6.02 × 10²³ elementary entities; it links mass in grams to molar mass and to gas volume at stated conditions.

The number of moles of solute dissolved in one cubic decimetre (litre) of solution, expressed in mol/dm³ and used in titration calculations.

The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound, found from percentage composition or from combustion data.

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in concentration, pressure, or temperature, the position of equilibrium shifts to oppose that change.

A protein that speeds up a specific biochemical reaction by lowering activation energy; its activity depends on temperature and pH and it is denatured by extremes.

The net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to one of lower water potential.

The process in chloroplasts where light energy drives the combination of carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen, using chlorophyll as the pigment.

المعاني والحكم التي قصدها الشارع من تشريع الأحكام، وأشهرها حفظ الدين والنفس والعقل والنسل والمال، وتُستعمل في استنباط الأحكام.

بذل الجهد في استنباط الحكم الشرعي من أدلته التفصيلية، ويكون في المسائل التي لا نص قاطع فيها، وله شروط في المجتهد.

مصلحة لم يشهد لها الشرع باعتبار ولا بإلغاء، يُعمل بها عند الحاجة إذا لم تخالف نصًا أو أصلًا شرعيًا.

انتماء الفرد إلى وطنه مع التزام حقوقه وواجباته تجاه المجتمع والدولة، قائمًا على المساواة أمام القانون واحترام القانون العام.

خضوع جميع الأفراد والسلطات للقانون دون استثناء، بحيث تُطبق القواعد القانونية على الجميع على قدم المساواة وتُضمن الحقوق.

إسهام الفرد في الشأن العام عبر العمل التطوعي والانتخاب والمبادرات المدنية، بما يعزز المسؤولية الجماعية وتنمية المجتمع.