AAK CPL (Kazakhstan) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

VFR cloud clearance

In controlled airspace Class C/D/E, VFR flight requires visibility of 5 km and distance from cloud of 1500 m horizontally and 300 m vertically, unless otherwise specified by the state.

Right-of-way rules

When two aircraft converge at similar altitude, the one on the right has right-of-way. Head-on, both turn right. Overtaking aircraft keeps clear to the right.

Emergency squawk codes

7500 for unlawful interference, 7600 for radio failure, 7700 for general emergency. These codes must be set when the corresponding situation occurs.

Magneto check

During engine run-up, switch from BOTH to LEFT then RIGHT. Maximum allowable drop is typically 150 RPM, with a maximum differential of 50 RPM between magnetos.

Carburettor icing conditions

Most likely at ambient temperatures between -5°C and +15°C with high humidity. Use carburettor heat to prevent or clear ice; apply full heat before takeoff if conditions are suspect.

Pitot-static blockage

If the static port is blocked, the airspeed indicator behaves like an altimeter, the altimeter freezes, and the vertical speed indicator reads zero. Use alternate static source if available.

Density altitude formula

Density altitude = pressure altitude + 120 ft per °C above standard temperature. High density altitude reduces aircraft performance, increasing takeoff roll and reducing climb rate.

Load factor in turn

In a level turn, load factor n = 1/cos(bank angle). At 60° bank, n = 2, and stall speed increases by a factor of √n (about 41%).

Crosswind component

Crosswind component = wind speed × sin(wind angle). Headwind component = wind speed × cos(wind angle). Use these to determine if crosswind is within aircraft limits.

Hypoxia symptoms

Symptoms include euphoria, impaired judgment, headache, and blue lips. Time of useful consciousness at 25,000 ft is 3-5 minutes; at 35,000 ft, 30-60 seconds.

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Caused by exhaust leak into cabin. Symptoms: headache, dizziness, drowsiness. Use CO detector, shut off heater, open vents, and land as soon as possible.

Night vision

Night vision uses rods, which are poor in low light and best at 10-12° off-center. Avoid bright lights for 30 minutes before night flight to preserve night vision.

QNH vs QFE

QNH is pressure reduced to sea level, so altimeter reads altitude. QFE is pressure at aerodrome elevation, so altimeter reads height above aerodrome. QNE is standard 1013.25 hPa.

Icing temperature range

Most severe icing occurs in cumuliform clouds between 0°C and -20°C. Clear ice forms from large supercooled droplets; rime ice from small droplets. Use anti-ice/de-ice equipment.

Thunderstorm stages

Three stages: cumulus, mature, dissipating. Mature stage has updrafts, downdrafts, lightning, hail, and microburst. Avoid by at least 20 nm.

Great circle vs rhumb line

Great circle is the shortest distance between two points on Earth. Rhumb line is a line of constant bearing. For long distances, great circle saves distance.

Magnetic variation conversion

Magnetic = True + Variation (east negative, west positive). East is least, west is best when converting true to magnetic. Use compass deviation card for deviation.

VOR radials

VOR radials are magnetic bearings from the station. To fly inbound, set OBS to the radial and fly toward the station with the CDI centered and TO flag showing.

Pre-flight action

Check weather, NOTAMs, fuel, weight and balance, aircraft documents, and maintenance status. Complete a walk-around inspection before flight.

Engine failure after takeoff

Pitch for best glide speed, choose a landing site, attempt restart, declare emergency, and use checklist. Maintain aircraft control at all times.

Use of checklists

Use written checklists for normal and emergency procedures. Do not rely on memory. Use flow patterns then checklists to ensure all items are covered.

Stall speed factors

Stall speed increases with weight (√(W2/W1)), bank angle, and load factor. Stall occurs at critical angle of attack regardless of speed, weight, or bank.

Induced vs parasite drag

Induced drag decreases with speed; parasite drag increases with square of speed. Total drag is minimum at L/D max, which is best glide speed.

Asymmetric thrust

In twin-engine aircraft, critical engine is the one whose failure causes most adverse yaw, usually the left engine for clockwise rotating propellers. Compensate with rudder.

Read-back requirements

Runway, altitude, heading, frequency, squawk, and clearances must be read back to ATC. If not read back, controller must verify.

Distress call

MAYDAY (three times) on 121.5 MHz. Include call sign, position, nature of distress, and intentions. Used for immediate danger requiring assistance.

Radio failure procedure

Squawk 7600. In VMC, continue VFR and land at nearest suitable aerodrome. In IMC, follow last assigned clearance/route and maintain last assigned altitude for a specified period.

VOR accuracy

VOR provides magnetic bearing from station with accuracy of ±1°. It is line-of-sight, so range depends on altitude. Use for navigation and approaches.

ILS components

Localizer provides lateral guidance (108-112 MHz); glideslope provides vertical guidance (329-335 MHz); markers provide distance. Used for precision approaches.

GPS RAIM

RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring) checks GPS signal integrity. Required for GPS approaches. If RAIM unavailable, do not use GPS for navigation.

Transponder codes

Mode A provides identification (squawk); Mode C provides altitude; Mode S provides data link. Use codes as directed by ATC. Emergency codes: 7500, 7600, 7700.

Standard atmosphere

Sea level pressure 1013.25 hPa, temperature 15°C, lapse rate 2°C per 1000 ft up to 36,000 ft. Used for altimeter settings and performance calculations.