Kazakhstan Grade 9 Attestation key terms

Any connected piece of speech or writing that carries a complete message and is organised around a topic and purpose. In Kazakh language exams, candidates identify the main idea, the type of text (description, narration, reasoning) and the style used.

The set of language choices a text uses because of where and why it is produced, such as everyday conversation, official documents, publicist writing, scientific writing or literary writing. Each style has typical vocabulary, sentence length and degree of formality.

The central thought a text is written to convey, which the reader can state in one sentence. Supporting details, examples and arguments all serve this idea, and questions often ask candidates to distinguish it from minor information.

A deliberate language technique used in literature to create an effect, such as metaphor, simile, personification, epithet or hyperbole. Recognising these devices and naming them correctly is a standard requirement in literature tasks.

A comparison of two different things introduced explicitly, usually with words meaning 'like' or 'as', for example comparing a person's eyes to stars. It differs from a metaphor because the comparison is stated rather than implied.

A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to something it does not literally denote, transferring meaning by resemblance, such as calling time a thief. The comparison is implied, with no 'like' or 'as' marker.

A short ordered list of the main points of a text or of a planned piece of writing, used to organise ideas before drafting. A good outline follows the logical sequence of the content and uses parallel wording.

A short piece of prose in which the writer develops a personal position on a question, usually with an introduction, argument, counter-argument and conclusion. Assessment focuses on clear thesis, logical structure and appropriate linking words.

A statement supported by reasons or evidence and used to convince a reader. In language and social studies tasks, a strong argument is relevant to the question, factually accurate and linked to the conclusion.

The system of rules that fixes how words are written, including correct letters, hyphens and capitalisation. Spelling accuracy is checked in dictations, cloze tasks and written work, and irregular forms must be memorised.

The rules governing marks such as comma, dash, colon and quotation marks, which show sentence boundaries and meaning relations. Candidates commonly apply them to compound sentences, direct speech and introductory words.

The grammatical classes into which words are grouped by meaning, form and function, for example noun, verb, adjective, numeral and adverb. Identifying a word's class is needed for morphological analysis and for checking agreement in a sentence.

A grammatical category that marks the relation of a noun or pronoun to other words in the sentence through endings. Kazakh has seven cases, and choosing the correct ending depends on the final sound of the stem and on vowel harmony.

A sentence built from two or more clauses, each with its own subject and predicate, joined by conjunctions, linking words or punctuation. In analysis, candidates state the number of clauses and the type of relation between them.

An equation of the form ax² + bx + c = 0 where a is not zero. Its roots are found by factoring, completing the square or the discriminant formula, and the discriminant's sign tells how many real roots exist.

The expression b² − 4ac computed from the coefficients of a quadratic equation. If it is positive the equation has two distinct real roots, if zero one repeated root, and if negative no real roots.

A rule stating that for a reduced quadratic equation x² + px + q = 0 the sum of the roots equals −p and their product equals q. It allows roots to be checked quickly or found by inspection.

A rule that assigns to each value of an independent variable exactly one value of a dependent variable. Candidates read its domain, range, graph shape and monotonic behaviour, and connect a formula with its graph.

A drawing on coordinate axes showing how one quantity depends on another, such as a line for a linear function or a parabola for a quadratic one. Key features to read are intercepts, vertex, slope and intervals of increase or decrease.

A sequence of numbers formed by a fixed rule. In an arithmetic progression each term differs from the previous one by a constant difference; in a geometric progression each term is the previous one multiplied by a constant ratio.

A closed plane figure with three sides and three angles whose interior angles sum to 180 degrees. Standard results include the Pythagorean theorem for right triangles and the sine and cosine rules for general ones.

In a right triangle the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides, written a² + b² = c². It is used to find an unknown side and to test whether a triangle is right-angled.

The measure of the surface enclosed by a plane figure, expressed in square units. Formulas differ by shape: length times width for a rectangle, half base times height for a triangle, and pi times radius squared for a circle.

The arrangement of historical events in the order in which they happened, together with their dates. Questions often ask candidates to place events correctly on a timeline or to identify which of several events came first.

A span of time treated as a unit because it shares distinctive political, economic or cultural features, such as the Bronze Age or the period of the Kazakh Khanate. Periods are named by historians and their boundaries can be debated.

Any object, document, inscription or oral account from the past that historians use as evidence. Sources are classified as written, material, pictorial or oral, and each type must be evaluated for reliability and bias.

A Kazakh leader (1802–1847) who headed a large uprising against colonial rule from the late 1830s and was elected khan of the three zhuzes in 1841. He died in battle against Kyrgyz forces in 1847.

One of the three large traditional territorial and kinship unions of the Kazakhs: the Senior, Middle and Junior zhuzes. Understanding their composition and territories is basic to the political history of Kazakhstan before the twentieth century.

The distance travelled by an object per unit of time, calculated as distance divided by time and measured in metres per second. Average speed over a journey can differ greatly from instantaneous speed at a given moment.

The mass of a substance per unit of volume, calculated as mass divided by volume and measured in kilograms per cubic metre. It explains why an object floats or sinks in a liquid and helps identify materials.

A push or pull acting on a body that can change its shape or its state of motion, measured in newtons. Forces combine as vectors, and a net force of zero means the body's velocity does not change.

A quantity describing the capacity of a system to do work, measured in joules. It exists in forms such as kinetic, potential, chemical and electrical, and in an isolated system the total is conserved though forms change.

The SI unit of amount of substance, containing 6.02 × 10²³ particles. It links the mass of a sample, its molar mass and the number of atoms, molecules or ions it contains in chemical calculations.

The principle that the properties of elements vary periodically with their atomic number, expressed in the periodic table. It allows prediction of valency, reactivity and the metallic or non-metallic character of an element from its position.

The process by which green plants, algae and some bacteria use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, releasing oxygen. It occurs mainly in chloroplasts and is the basis of most food chains.

The smallest structural and functional unit of living organisms, bounded by a membrane and containing genetic material. Cells are organised into tissues and organs, and their structures perform specific life functions.

A community of living organisms interacting with each other and with their non-living environment in a defined area. Energy flows through it in one direction while matter is recycled, and organisms are linked by food chains and webs.