Teacher Attestation (Kazakhstan) flashcards
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- Vowel harmony in Kazakh
- A phonological rule by which suffixes change their vowels to match the front or back vowels of the word root, keeping the whole word phonetically consistent.
- Aitys
- A traditional Kazakh improvised song contest between two akyns, who compete in poetic skill and wit before an audience; a core genre of oral literature.
- Quadratic discriminant
- For ax² + bx + c = 0, the value D = b² − 4ac. Positive D gives two real roots, zero gives one, negative gives no real roots.
- Periodic law
- Mendeleev's principle that properties of elements vary periodically with atomic number; it underlies the structure of the periodic table by groups and periods.
- Agglutinative language
- A language type in which words are formed by attaching a sequence of distinct suffixes to a root, each suffix carrying one grammatical meaning; Kazakh belongs to this type.
- Zone of proximal development
- Vygotsky's concept describing the distance between what a learner achieves alone and what they can achieve with guidance from a more capable person.
- Bloom's taxonomy
- A hierarchical classification of cognitive objectives from remembering and understanding through applying, analysing, evaluating, and creating; used to design and align learning tasks.
- Intrinsic motivation
- Drive to act arising from internal interest, curiosity, or satisfaction rather than external rewards; it supports sustained engagement and deeper learning.
- Combined lesson
- A lesson type containing several stages: checking homework, introducing new material, consolidation, and assessment; the most widely used format in school practice.
- Piaget's formal operations
- The final cognitive stage, from about age eleven, when learners become able to reason hypothetically, test abstract propositions, and think about thinking itself.
- Problem-based learning
- An instructional approach beginning with an authentic problem situation that learners resolve by hypothesizing, gathering evidence, and defending conclusions.
- Task-based learning cycle
- A lesson sequence of pre-task preparation, a communicative task with planning and reporting, and language focus on forms that emerged during the task.
- Differentiation by support
- Adapting scaffolds, grouping, time, and task format so all learners reach the same objective, rather than lowering the objective for some.
- Descriptive feedback
- Information about a learner's work that names what was done well and what specifically to improve next, without attaching a grade or judging the person.
- Lesson learning objective
- A statement of what learners will be able to do by the end of a lesson, expressed with an observable verb and aligned to assessment.
- Communicative language teaching
- An approach prioritizing meaningful interaction and authentic communication in the target language, with grammar taught in service of communication rather than as isolated drills.
- Formative assessment
- Ongoing assessment used to diagnose learning and provide feedback that shapes teaching during instruction; it is assessment for learning and usually ungraded.
- Summative assessment
- Assessment conducted at the end of a unit, term, or programme to certify achievement against objectives; results are graded and recorded.
- Validity
- The degree to which an assessment measures the intended knowledge or skill and supports the inferences and decisions made from its results.
- Reliability
- The consistency of assessment results across repeated administrations, different raters, and equivalent item sets; it is necessary but not sufficient for validity.
- Item difficulty index
- The proportion of test takers answering an item correctly; moderate values near the middle range give the most information about learner differences.
- Rubric
- A scoring guide listing criteria and performance levels with explicit descriptors, published to learners in advance so expectations for quality are transparent.
- External summative assessment
- Kazakhstan's standardized end-of-level examination for basic school learners, administered externally to verify achievement of the state curriculum.
- Inclusive education
- An approach ensuring all children, including those with special educational needs, learn in general settings with adaptations to environment, materials, methods, and assessment.
- Psychological-medical-pedagogical consultation
- A multidisciplinary body that assesses a child's development and special educational needs and issues recommendations that form the basis of an adapted programme.
- Individual educational programme
- A written plan for a learner with special educational needs specifying current level, goals, support services, timetable, and dates for review.
- Function of behaviour
- The purpose a behaviour serves for a learner, such as gaining attention, escaping a task, obtaining a tangible item, or sensory regulation; it guides intervention design.
- SAMR model
- A four-level framework - substitution, augmentation, modification, redefinition - describing how technology moves from replacing existing tools to enabling new task types.
- TPACK framework
- A model stating that effective technology integration requires the intersection of technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge rather than technical skill alone.
- Flipped classroom
- A blended model in which learners study content input at home via video or text and use class time for active practice, discussion, and teacher-guided application.
- Learning management system
- An online platform for delivering content, collecting assignments, grading quizzes, and tracking learner progress through reports and analytics.
- Teacher attestation
- Kazakhstan's periodic procedure for evaluating a teacher's professional competence; results determine the qualification category and associated pay increment.