Kazakhstan UNT flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Percentage change formula

Percentage change equals the difference between new and old values divided by the old value, then multiplied by 100. A rise then equal fall never returns to the original amount.

Compound interest formula

Amount A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt), where P is principal, r the annual rate as a decimal, n the compounding periods per year and t the number of years.

Average speed

Total distance travelled divided by total time taken. Averaging two speeds directly is valid only when both speeds are held for equal time intervals.

Direct versus inverse proportion

In direct proportion the ratio y/x stays constant as both grow. In inverse proportion the product x·y stays constant, so one falls as the other rises.

Independent events probability

For independent events the probability both occur equals the product of their separate probabilities. The probability an event does not occur is one minus its probability.

Volume of cone and pyramid

Volume equals one third of the base area multiplied by the perpendicular height. For a prism or cylinder the factor of one third is absent.

Truncated axis distortion

A graph whose vertical axis starts above zero exaggerates differences between bars or points. Always check the axis origin and unit before interpreting a chart.

Doubling time rule of 70

For a small annual growth rate r in percent, the doubling time in years is approximately 70 divided by r. Useful for quick estimation without logarithms.

Locating explicit information

Scan for the key noun or number, then read the entire sentence containing it. Distractors often repeat the same words but link them incorrectly.

Main idea versus detail

The correct main-idea option covers the whole passage. Wrong options are often true statements that capture only part of it, or claims broader than the text.

Author's purpose signals

Purpose is inferred from structure and verbs: describing informs, arguing persuades, sequencing instructs, contrasting compares. Emotive vocabulary points toward persuasion or evaluation.

Valid inference criterion

An inference must be supported by evidence inside the passage. An option requiring outside knowledge, however true in general, is a distractor.

Vocabulary in context

Substitute each candidate word into the original sentence and keep the one that preserves the sentence's logic and tone, not merely a dictionary meaning.

Two-text agreement items

Identify separately what both texts claim and where their reasoning diverges. Texts can share a conclusion while supporting it with different evidence.

Issyk Golden Man

A Saka-era burial find from 1969 near Issyk in the Almaty region, often dated to the fifth or fourth century BCE, famous for its gold adornments and undeciphered inscription.

Turkic Khaganate founding

The First Turkic Khaganate was founded in 552 CE by Bumin. Its western branch, formed around 603, controlled Semirechye and Silk Road trade routes.

Karakhanid state and Islam

The Karakhanid state adopted Islam as its state religion in the late tenth century. Yusuf Balasaguni wrote Kutadgu Bilig and Mahmud Kashgari compiled a Turkic dictionary.

Kazakh Khanate founding

Founded in 1465–1466 by Kerey and Zhanibek in the Zhetysu region, it emerged from the dissolution of the Abulkhair Khanate and later split into three zhuzes.

Junior Zhuz protectorate 1731

In 1731 the Junior Zhuz accepted Russian protectorate under Abulkhair Khan, beginning a gradual incorporation of Kazakh lands into the Russian Empire.

1916 Central Asian revolt

Conscription decrees for rear labour during the First World War triggered a widespread uprising across Central Asia and Kazakhstan, harshly suppressed by imperial troops.

December 1986 Almaty events

Protests in Almaty against the replacement of a Kazakh first secretary of the Communist Party, seen as a milestone of national awakening in the late Soviet period.

Independence date

Kazakhstan declared state independence on 16 December 1991. The current constitution was adopted in 1995 and the capital moved to Astana in 1997.

Charter on Siberian Kirghiz

The 1822 reform abolished khanate authority in the Middle Zhuz and introduced a Russian administrative system of districts and volosts, later extended by the 1868 reforms.

Dimensional analysis

Carry units through every step of a calculation. If the result's units do not match the required quantity, the formula or conversion is wrong.

Significant figures in answers

Round the final answer to the least number of significant figures given in the inputs. Intermediate steps keep extra digits to avoid rounding errors.

Mole calculation bridge

Mass divided by molar mass gives moles; moles multiplied by molar mass gives mass. For gases at standard conditions, one mole occupies roughly 22.4 litres.

Newton's second law

Net force equals mass times acceleration, F = ma. Weight is mass times gravitational acceleration, and friction opposes motion along the contact surface.

Elective combination rule

The two profile subjects must be different disciplines. Common pairs are Mathematics with Physics, Biology with Chemistry, and Geography with World History.

Profile section weighting

The two profile subjects carry more weight than the compulsory sections in competitive admission, so accuracy there matters most for the final score.

Error categorisation

Group mistakes into concept gaps, calculation slips and misreading. Revision aimed at the largest category raises scores faster than repeating whole tests.

Timeline anchoring

Attach each date to a single defining event rather than memorising lists. Recalling one anchor event pulls neighbouring dates into order.

Unit conversion checklist

Convert all given values to one system before substituting: kilometres to metres, minutes to seconds, grams to kilograms. Mismatched units cause most calculation errors.