Mongolia Upper Secondary State Exam flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Quadratic formula

For ax² + bx + c = 0, x = (-b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / (2a). The discriminant b² − 4ac indicates number of real roots.

Derivative of sin x

The derivative of sin x with respect to x is cos x. This is a fundamental trigonometric derivative used in calculus.

Law of cosines

In any triangle, c² = a² + b² − 2ab·cos C, where C is the angle opposite side c. Generalizes the Pythagorean theorem.

Geometric sequence sum

Sₙ = a₁(1 − rⁿ)/(1 − r) for r ≠ 1, where a₁ is the first term and r is the common ratio.

Probability complement rule

P(Ā) = 1 − P(A). The probability that an event does not occur equals one minus the probability that it occurs.

Mongolian vertical script

Traditional Mongolian writing runs vertically from top to bottom, with lines progressing left to right. It is still used officially alongside Cyrillic.

Vowel harmony

In Mongolian, front and back vowels generally do not co-occur within a native word; suffixes harmonize with the stem's vowel class.

Secret History of the Mongols

The oldest surviving Mongolian literary and historical monument, composed after 1227. It chronicles Genghis Khan's rise and early Mongol society.

Sonnet structure

A 14-line poem, typically in iambic pentameter. Common forms include the Petrarchan (octave + sestet) and Shakespearean (three quatrains + couplet).

Present perfect tense

Formed with have/has + past participle. It links a past action to the present and often uses since, for, already, or yet.

Third conditional

If + past perfect, would have + past participle. It describes hypothetical situations in the past that did not happen.

Passive voice

Formed with be + past participle. The object of an active sentence becomes the subject, e.g., 'The letter was written by her.'

Reported speech tense shift

When reporting speech, shift tense back one step: present becomes past, past becomes past perfect. Time expressions also change.

Mongolia's 1992 Constitution

Establishes Mongolia as a parliamentary republic with a President, Prime Minister, and a 126-member State Great Khural elected for four years.

Khüiten Peak

The highest mountain in Mongolia at 4,374 meters, located in the Altai range in the far west near the Chinese border.

Separation of powers

Division of government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches, each checking the others to prevent abuse of power.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Adopted by the UN in 1948, it contains 30 articles setting out fundamental rights and freedoms for all people.

Ohm's law

V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance. Electric power is P = VI = I²R = V²/R.

Photosynthesis equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. Occurs in chloroplasts, converting light energy into chemical energy.

DNA base pairing

Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine via hydrogen bonds. This complementarity underlies DNA replication and transcription.

Mole concept

One mole contains 6.022 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's number). Molar mass in g/mol relates mass and moles: n = m/M.

pH scale

Measures acidity: pH = −log[H⁺]. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 are basic.

Binary to decimal

Each binary digit represents a power of 2, starting from 2⁰ on the right. For example, 1011₂ equals 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11.

Primary key

A column or set of columns in a relational database that uniquely identifies each row. It cannot contain null values.

Binary search complexity

Binary search runs in O(log n) time on a sorted array, repeatedly halving the search interval until the target is found.

IPv4 vs IPv6

IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long; IPv6 addresses are 128 bits, providing a vastly larger address space for internet devices.

Genghis Khan proclamation

In 1206, Temüjin was proclaimed Genghis Khan at a kurultai on the Onon River, unifying the Mongol tribes.

Yuan Dynasty

Founded by Kublai Khan in 1271 with its capital at Dadu (Beijing). It was the Mongol-ruled dynasty of China until 1368.

1921 People's Revolution

Led by Damdin Sükhbaatar, it ended Chinese control and led to the 1924 proclamation of the Mongolian People's Republic.

1990 Democratic Revolution

Peaceful protests in Ulaanbaatar led to multi-party elections and the 1992 Constitution, ending one-party communist rule.

GDP expenditure formula

GDP = C + I + G + (X − M), summing consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports (exports minus imports).

Break-even point

The level of sales where total revenue equals total cost, yielding zero profit. It marks the minimum output needed to avoid loss.