NSSCAS Oshindonga First Language 8192 cheat sheet

'Ngiini?' otashi pula omukalo; 'Shiike?' otashi pula oshinima; 'Olwashiike?' otashi pula oshishu (reason); 'Olye?' otashi pula omuntu.

Omutopelo gwa wedhwa po (main idea) ohagu holoka momutwe, ketameko nenge pehulilo lyoshishangwa; omapulo agehe oga pumbwa okukwatakanithwa nagwo.

Eyamukulo alihe oli na okukala li na uumbangi (evidence) wokuza moshishangwa; omadhiladhilo gomulongwa itaga gandje uumbangi.

Shoka sha popywa mo ashike osho oshili yoshishangwa; 'ngaashi nda dhiladhila' osho edhiladhilo lyomuntu, hali shi uumbangi.

Omalaka gokukwatakanitha: 'molwaashi' (reason), 'ihe' (contrast), 'opo' (result), 'nokuli' (addition), 'ngaashi' (comparison).

Etalelopo lyomutwe nolyomatangululo otali holola oshilalakanenwa shomushangwa; omahulilo oha ga hulitha omukatengi.

Omuhokololi (narrator) ita faneke omushangi: omuhokololi gumwe ta vulu okukala omuntu gwomomahokololo nenge inaa kwatelwa mo.

Omishangwa dhOshindonga ndhoka hadhi longithwa: oshihokololo, omukanda gwopaunafiki, oshipopiwa (speech), omukanda gwokumanyitha (notice) nomukanda gwokuhokolola (report).

Ondondo dhomadhina (noun classes): 1/2 omu-/ova- (omuntu/ovantu); 3/4 omu-/omi- (omuti/omiti); 5/6 e-/oma- (eho/omesho); 7/8 oshi-/ii- (oshinima/iinima); 11/10 olu-/ii- (oluthi/iithi); 12/14 oka-/uu- (okanona/uunona).

Oshitya shokukwatakanitha (subject concord) osha landula ondondo yedhina: omumati ota dhana; ovamati otava dhana; oshinima otashi kala; iinima otayi kala.

Efimbo (tense): '-ta-' present progressive (ota longo); 'okwa-' past (okwa longa); '-ka-' future (ota ka longa).

Uule womawu (vowel length) ohau nyolelwa kokupitilila oshitya shomawu: aa, ee, ii, oo, uu; uule otau lundulula oshitya.

Omafano (adjectives) ohaga kutha oshitya shokukwatakanitha shimwe nedhina: omuntu omunene / ovantu ovanene; oshinima oshinene / iinima iinene.

'Na' otashi ti 'and/with'; manga tashi kwatakanithwa nomadhina otashi lunduluka ko 'no-'/'nov-': nomumati, novantu.

Omukalo gwokukala (positive) ohagu hulitha oshitya mo '-a': okudhana, ota dhana, okwa dhana.

Omadhina gomiihwa (proper names) nomalaka oga nyolelwa noshitya oshinene: Oshindonga, Oshikwanyama, Ondonga, Namibia.

Omukalo gwokupopya (style): iitya ya yela, omishangwa dha fupi, okweeleka ('ngaashi') nokuhogolola iitya mbyoka yi li ponomola.

Omukanda gwopaunafiki ohagu kwatela adresa yomushangi, efiku, adresa yomugwanekwa, esalulo ('Ame'), omukatengi, nehulilo lyokupandula, nokunyola kwomushangi.

Omukanda gwopaumwene ohagu kwatela adresa yomushangi, efiku, esalulo lyopaumwene, omukatengi gwopaumwene, nehulilo lyopaumwene.

Salutation na closing oga pumbwa okukwatakanitha: ngele salutation ina yi shi edhina ('Ame'), closing oyo 'Ondi' (Yours faithfully); ngele oyi shi edhina, closing oyo 'Oshili' (Yours sincerely).

Omukanda gwokumanyitha (notice) ogu na okukala gu na osho tashi ningwa, esiku, efimbo, napo (venue) nomushangi.

Omukanda gwokuhokolola (report) ohagu kwatela omutwe 'Ku:', 'Kuzwa:', 'Efiku:', omukatengi gwomukanda, omahokololo, nomahulilo.

Oshipopiwa (speech) oshi na etameko lyokupandula nokukaleka po ovapulakeni, omukatengi, nehulilo lyokupandula.

Register: omukanda gwopaunafiki otagu longithwa iitya yopaunafiki ('Otandi ku indile'), omukanda gwopaumwene otagu longithwa iitya yopaumwene ('Wa lalapo').

Omalombwelo agehe gomukanda ogu na okulandulwa: osho sha pumbwa, oku ku shi ningwa, esiku nefimbo, nomuntu ta vulu okukwatakanithwa.

Okuhogolola omadhiladhilo manga inaa shangi: omukatengi gumwe, uumbangi wa kola, nomukalo gwokukwatakanitha.

Ondondo yimwe otayi pumbwa okukala yi na omukatengi gumwe; ondondo yimwe yi na omukatengi gumwe awike otayi kwathele omuvalu.

Etameko (introduction) otali kaleke po omuvalu nokuli holola omukatengi; itali gandja uumbangi auhe.

Ehulilo (conclusion) otali hulithe omukatengi nokuli gandje edhiladhilo lyahuguvara; itali gandja uumbangi uupe.

Cohesion: 'nokuli' (addition), 'opo' (result), 'ihe' (contrast), 'molwaashi' (reason) otayi kwathele okukwatakanitha omadhiladhilo.

Oshihokololo oshi na omuhokololi (narrator), omukalo gwokuhokolola (1st/3rd person) nolandulilo lwefimbo (tense).

Oshifaneko (description) otashi longitha iitya yokuulika uukwatya (nene, nawa, nayi) nomaweeleko (imagery).

Okupopya kwa manguluka (direct speech) oku na okukala ku na quotation marks, comma komeho lyokupopya, nokutameka ondondo yipe komupopyi kehe.

Oshiwambo okwa kwatela omalaka ga yoolokela: Oshindonga, Oshikwanyama, Oshikwambi, Oshingandjera, Oshimbalanhu, Oshikolonkadhi, Oshimbadja nOlukwaluudhi.

Omalaka gaali ga yeluka gOshiwambo ogo Oshindonga naShikwanyama; omalaka galwe oga longithwa mokupopya.

Omahokololo (folktales) ohaga hokololwa komukuluntu, otaga hokolola uukwatya womuntu nenge uunongo, notaga vulu okukala nomaindilo? oondjambi dhomaimbilo.

Uukwaniilwa wOndonga owo uukwaniilwa umwe womOshiwambo; omukwaniilwa okwa li ha pangula nokwa li ha simanekwa koshigwana.

Martti Rautanen ('Nakambale') okwa li omumisionali gwOshindonga moLukonda; okwa shanga nokwa toloka Ombimbeli mOshindonga.

Omithigululwakalo (culture) otayi holoka momishangwa: okusimaneka aakuluntu, omagano, uukwaniilwa nomahokololo.

Eyamukulo lyokomithigululwakalo otali pumbwa okuulika omukalo gwopamuthigululwakalo ngaashi okupandula, okusimaneka nomukalo gwokupopya.

Omishangwa dhOshindonga otadhi vulu okukala dha zile komahokololo gopamuthigululwakalo nenge komukalo gwomuntu gwoshigwana.