NABARD Grade A cheat sheet

Subject-verb agreement: a phrase between subject and verb ("the list of items") does not change the verb number; the head noun governs.

"Neither...nor" and "either...or" take a verb agreeing with the nearer subject: "Neither the clerk nor the officers were present."

Collective nouns (committee, team, jury) take a singular verb when acting as one unit, plural when members act individually.

Spotting-error priority order: subject-verb agreement, tense consistency, preposition after verb (comprise of is wrong; comprise takes no of), parallelism in lists.

Cloze strategy: read the full passage first, then classify each blank by part of speech and tone before checking options; eliminate options that break collocation.

Reading comprehension: answers must be inferable from the passage; extreme words (always, never, only) in options usually mark wrong choices.

Para jumbles: find the opener (no pronoun or connector referring backward), then chain via pronouns, connectors (however, therefore), and repeated key nouns.

Idioms to know: 'to bite the bullet' = endure a hard situation; 'once in a blue moon' = very rarely; 'to bell the cat' = take the risky lead.

Simple interest = P×R×T/100; Compound interest = P[(1+R/100)^T − 1]; for 2 years the CI−SI gap equals P(R/100)².

Successive percentage changes: net = a + b + ab/100 (use negative signs for decreases); two successive 10% rises give 21%.

Profit and loss: SP = CP(1 ± gain/100); if two articles are sold at the same price with equal % gain and % loss, there is always a net loss of (x²/100)%.

Time-speed-distance: convert km/h to m/s by multiplying by 5/18; a train of length L crossing a platform of length P takes (L+P)/speed seconds.

Boats: downstream speed = b + s, upstream = b − s; b = (D + U)/2, s = (D − U)/2.

Time and work: if A does work in a days and B in b days, together they take ab/(a+b) days; use LCM of days as total work units.

Mixtures: alligation rule - ratio of quantities = (mean − cheaper) : (dearer − mean), always keeping differences positive.

Permutation vs combination: arrangements use nPr = n!/(n−r)!; selections use nCr = n!/[r!(n−r)!]; nCr = nC(n−r).

Mensuration: volume of cylinder = πr²h; sphere = (4/3)πr³; cone = (1/3)πr²h; diagonal of a cuboid = √(l²+b²+h²).

Syllogism: 'All A are B' + 'All B are C' gives 'All A are C'; 'Some A are B' cannot yield 'All A are B' - only conclusions true in every Venn arrangement follow.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender and generation markers; vertical line = parent-child, horizontal = spouse or sibling.

Direction sense: track net displacement with a coordinate grid; final distance uses Pythagoras when the path turns 90°.

Seating arrangement: fix the most constrained person first; for circular arrangements of n people, distinct arrangements = (n−1)!.

Coding-decoding: check letter-position shifts first (A=1...Z=26), then reversal, then alternating patterns before assuming word substitution.

Inequalities: chain only same-direction symbols; 'A > B ≥ C' implies A > C but not C > A; 'either-or' conclusions need complementary pairs.

Series completion: test differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes with constant offsets, then alternating two-series patterns.

Data sufficiency: stop as soon as the question is answerable; decide whether each statement alone suffices before combining.

RBI was established on 1 April 1935 under the RBI Act 1934, nationalised in 1949; its headquarters moved to Mumbai in 1937.

Monetary policy is set by the six-member Monetary Policy Committee; the inflation target is 4% CPI with a tolerance band of 2%–6%.

NABARD was set up in 1982 on the recommendation of the B. Sivaraman Committee to serve agriculture and rural credit.

Key institutions: SEBI (1988, statutory 1992) regulates securities; IRDAI (1999) insurance; PFRDA (2003, statutory 2013) pensions.

Priority sector lending target for banks is 40% of adjusted net bank credit, with 18% for agriculture and 7.5% for micro enterprises.

Schemes to recall: PM-KISAN (income support), PMFBY (crop insurance), KCC (Kisan Credit Card), MUDRA (micro units), e-NAM (mandi trade).

Basel III pillars: minimum capital, supervisory review, market discipline; CET1 minimum is 4.5% of risk-weighted assets.

Financial inclusion: PMJDY (bank accounts), Atal Pension Yojana, Stand-Up India; India's first payments bank licences were issued in 2015.

Memory units: 1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB; 1 TB = 1024 GB.

RAM is volatile and holds running programs; ROM is non-volatile and stores firmware such as BIOS.

OSI has seven layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application; TCP works at Transport, IP at Network.

IPv4 addresses are 32-bit; IPv6 addresses are 128-bit; HTTP uses port 80 by default, HTTPS port 443.

Keyboard shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+P print, Alt+F4 close window.

Malware categories: virus (attaches to files), worm (self-replicates over networks), trojan (disguised as useful software), ransomware (encrypts data for payment).

Firewall filters traffic by rules; antivirus uses signature and heuristic detection; phishing is a social-engineering attack, not a technical exploit.

In MS Excel, $A$1 is an absolute reference, A1 relative, $A1 mixed; SUM, AVERAGE, IF, VLOOKUP are core functions.

GDP = C + I + G + (X − M); nominal GDP uses current prices, real GDP uses constant base-year prices.

Inflation measures: CPI tracks retail prices and is the RBI's target index; WPI tracks wholesale prices and excludes services.

Fiscal deficit = total expenditure − total receipts excluding borrowings; revenue deficit = revenue expenditure − revenue receipts.

Repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends to banks against securities; reverse repo absorbs liquidity; CRR and SLR are reserve requirements.

Unemployment types: structural (skill mismatch), cyclical (demand shortfall), frictional (transition), disguised (surplus labour in agriculture).

Balance of payments = current account + capital account + errors and omissions; a current account deficit must be financed by capital inflows.

Human development: HDI combines life expectancy, education (mean and expected years of schooling), and GNI per capita.

Poverty measurement in India has used the Tendulkar and Rangarajan committees; multidimensional poverty uses health, education, and living standards.

Kharif crops are sown with the monsoon (June–July: rice, maize, cotton, soybean); Rabi crops are sown in winter (wheat, mustard, gram).

Cropping intensity = (gross cropped area / net sown area) × 100; it exceeds 100% when land is cropped more than once a year.

Green Revolution centred on wheat and rice via HYV seeds, irrigation, and fertiliser; it was led in India by M. S. Swaminathan.

Soil health: legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen via Rhizobium; NPK denotes nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.

Irrigation sources: canal, tank, well/tube-well; drip and sprinkler are micro-irrigation methods that raise water-use efficiency.

NABARD refinances rural credit and administers the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund; it is the apex body for rural development banking.

Minimum Support Price is recommended by the CACP and announced by the government; procurement is handled by agencies such as FCI and NAFED.

Animal husbandry and fisheries are allied activities; India is among the world's largest producers of milk and pulses.

Decision questions: pick the option that is legal, ethical, and proportionate; personal benefit or convenience never justifies bending rules.

Rank the options by priority: protect life and safety first, then institutional rules, then customer or public interest, then efficiency.

Escalation rule: when a matter exceeds your authority, report to the supervisor rather than acting unilaterally or ignoring it.

Analytical puzzles: convert statements into a table of fixed attributes; eliminate options that contradict any single constraint.

Cause-effect questions: the cause must precede the effect and be sufficient to explain it; correlation alone is not causation.

Assumption questions: the correct assumption is necessary for the argument; negate it and check whether the argument collapses.

Strengthen/weaken questions: an option that adds evidence for the conclusion strengthens; one that offers an alternative cause weakens.

Course of action: a valid action must be practical, within authority, and directly address the stated problem, not a related one.

Essay structure: introduction with context, 2–3 body paragraphs each with one argument plus evidence, and a conclusion that restates the position.

Letter format: sender address, date, receiver address, subject line, salutation, body, complimentary close; formal letters avoid contractions and slang.

Word limits are hard constraints: an essay of 250 words should land within roughly 230–270; exceeding the limit signals poor planning.

Precis: retain only the central idea and essential supporting points; target about one-third of the original length and never add opinion.

Report writing: use past tense, third person, and headings (what, when, where, who, outcome); avoid first-person narration.

Cohesion devices: use connectors (however, therefore, moreover) sparingly and correctly; overuse is a common scoring penalty.

Common scoring errors: subject-verb mismatch, tense shifts within a paragraph, and spelling of homophones (affect/effect, principal/principle).

For rural or economic topics, cite scheme names and one or two figures from memory only when confident; a wrong statistic costs more than a general statement.

Subject-verb agreement ignores intervening phrases: 'The list of items is on the desk.'

'Neither...nor' takes the verb of the nearer subject: 'Neither the clerk nor the officers were present.'

Collective nouns are singular when acting as a unit, plural when members act separately.

Spotting-error order: agreement, tense consistency, verb-preposition collocation, parallelism.

Cloze: classify each blank by part of speech and tone before evaluating options.

Reading comprehension: extreme options (always, never, only) are usually wrong; answers must be inferable from the passage.

Para jumbles: locate the opener with no backward-referring pronoun or connector, then chain by pronouns and connectors.

Idioms: 'bite the bullet' = endure hardship; 'once in a blue moon' = very rarely; 'bell the cat' = take the risky lead.

SI = P×R×T/100; CI = P[(1+R/100)^T − 1]; the 2-year CI−SI gap is P(R/100)².

Successive changes: net = a + b + ab/100; two 10% rises give 21%.

Selling two items at the same price with equal % gain and % loss always yields a net loss of (x²/100)%.

km/h to m/s: multiply by 5/18; train crossing a platform takes (L+P)/speed seconds.

Boats: b = (downstream + upstream)/2; s = (downstream − upstream)/2.

Work: A in a days and B in b days together take ab/(a+b) days; use LCM of days as total work.

Alligation ratio = (mean − cheaper) : (dearer − mean).

nPr = n!/(n−r)! for arrangements; nCr = n!/[r!(n−r)!] for selections.

Cylinder volume πr²h; sphere (4/3)πr³; cone (1/3)πr²h; cuboid diagonal √(l²+b²+h²).

'All A are B' plus 'All B are C' gives 'All A are C'; 'Some A are B' never yields 'All A are B'.

Blood relations: draw a tree with gender and generation markers; vertical = parent-child, horizontal = spouse or sibling.

Direction sense: track net displacement on a grid; a 90° turn makes final distance a Pythagoras calculation.

Circular arrangement of n people has (n−1)! distinct arrangements.

Coding-decoding: test letter-position shifts (A=1...Z=26), then reversal, then alternating patterns.

Inequalities: chain only same-direction symbols; 'A > B ≥ C' implies A > C, not C > A.

Series: test differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes with offsets, then alternating two-series patterns.

Data sufficiency: decide whether each statement alone suffices before combining them.

RBI established 1 April 1935 under the RBI Act 1934; nationalised 1949; headquarters moved to Mumbai in 1937.

Monetary Policy Committee has six members; inflation target is 4% CPI with a 2%–6% tolerance band.

NABARD was set up in 1982 on the B. Sivaraman Committee's recommendation.

SEBI became statutory in 1992; IRDAI (1999) regulates insurance; PFRDA (2013) regulates pensions.

Priority sector lending target: 40% of ANBC, with 18% for agriculture and 7.5% for micro enterprises.

PM-KISAN gives income support; PMFBY gives crop insurance; KCC gives crop credit; e-NAM is the electronic mandi network.

Basel III CET1 minimum is 4.5% of risk-weighted assets.

India's first payments bank licences were issued in 2015; PMJDY is the flagship financial inclusion account scheme.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB.

RAM is volatile and holds running programs; ROM is non-volatile and stores firmware such as BIOS.

OSI layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application.

IPv4 is 32-bit, IPv6 is 128-bit; HTTP uses port 80, HTTPS port 443.

Shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Alt+F4 close.

Worm self-replicates across networks; trojan disguises as useful software; ransomware encrypts data for payment.

Firewalls filter traffic by rules; antivirus uses signature and heuristic detection; phishing is social engineering.

Excel: $A$1 absolute, A1 relative, $A1 mixed; SUM, AVERAGE, IF and VLOOKUP are core functions.

GDP = C + I + G + (X − M); nominal GDP uses current prices, real GDP constant base-year prices.

CPI tracks retail prices and is the RBI's target index; WPI tracks wholesale prices and excludes services.

Fiscal deficit = total expenditure − total receipts excluding borrowings.

Repo rate lends to banks against securities; reverse repo absorbs liquidity; CRR and SLR are reserve requirements.

Unemployment types: structural, cyclical, frictional, and disguised (surplus agricultural labour).

Balance of payments = current account + capital account + errors and omissions.

HDI combines life expectancy, mean and expected years of schooling, and GNI per capita.

India's poverty estimates have used the Tendulkar and Rangarajan committees; multidimensional poverty covers health, education and living standards.

Kharif crops are sown with the monsoon (rice, maize, cotton, soybean); Rabi crops are sown in winter (wheat, mustard, gram).

Cropping intensity = (gross cropped area / net sown area) × 100.

The Green Revolution used HYV seeds, irrigation and fertiliser, centred on wheat and rice.

Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen via Rhizobium; NPK denotes nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Drip and sprinkler irrigation raise water-use efficiency compared with flood irrigation.

NABARD refinances rural credit and administers the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund.

MSP is recommended by the CACP; procurement is handled by FCI and NAFED.

Animal husbandry and fisheries are allied activities; India is among the largest producers of milk and pulses.

Choose the option that is legal, ethical and proportionate; personal benefit never justifies bending rules.

Priority order: life and safety, then institutional rules, then public or customer interest, then efficiency.

Escalate matters beyond your authority to the supervisor rather than acting alone or ignoring them.

Analytical puzzles: build a table of fixed attributes and eliminate options contradicting any constraint.

Cause must precede effect and be sufficient to explain it; correlation is not causation.

Assumption questions: negate the assumption; if the argument collapses, the assumption is necessary.

An alternative cause weakens an argument; added supporting evidence strengthens it.

A valid course of action must be practical, within authority, and address the stated problem directly.

Essay: introduction with context, 2–3 body paragraphs each carrying one argument plus evidence, and a concluding position.

Formal letter: sender address, date, receiver address, subject, salutation, body, complimentary close; no contractions or slang.

A 250-word essay should land near 230–270 words; exceeding the limit signals poor planning.

Precis: keep only the central idea and essential points, about one-third of the original, with no added opinion.

Report writing uses past tense, third person, and headings covering what, when, where, who and outcome.

Connectors (however, therefore, moreover) should be used sparingly and correctly; overuse is penalised.

Frequent scoring errors: subject-verb mismatch, tense shifts within a paragraph, and homophones (affect/effect, principal/principle).

Cite a scheme name or figure only when confident; a wrong statistic costs more than a general statement.

Intervening phrases do not change subject-verb agreement: 'The list of items is on the desk.'

'Neither...nor' and 'either...or' take the verb of the nearer subject.

Collective nouns take singular verbs as a unit, plural verbs when members act separately.

Spotting-error order: agreement, tense consistency, verb-preposition collocation, parallelism.

Cloze: identify each blank's part of speech and tone before checking options.

Comprehension: extreme options (always, never, only) are usually wrong.

Para jumbles: find the opener lacking backward-referring pronouns, then chain by pronouns and connectors.

Idioms: 'bite the bullet' = endure hardship; 'once in a blue moon' = very rarely.

SI = PRT/100; CI = P[(1+R/100)^T − 1]; 2-year CI−SI gap = P(R/100)².

Successive percentage change: net = a + b + ab/100.

Equal % gain and % loss on two same-price sales gives a net loss of (x²/100)%.

km/h to m/s: multiply by 5/18.

Boats: b = (D + U)/2, s = (D − U)/2.

Work: A in a days, B in b days, together ab/(a+b) days.

Alligation: ratio = (mean − cheaper) : (dearer − mean).

nCr = n!/[r!(n−r)!]; nPr = n!/(n−r)!.

Cylinder πr²h; sphere (4/3)πr³; cone (1/3)πr²h.

'All A are B' + 'All B are C' implies 'All A are C'.

'Some A are B' cannot support the conclusion 'All A are B'.

Blood relations: vertical line = parent-child, horizontal = spouse or sibling.

Direction sense: 90° turns make final displacement a Pythagoras problem.

Circular arrangements of n people: (n−1)! distinct orders.

Coding-decoding: test position shifts, reversal, then alternating patterns.

Inequalities: 'A > B ≥ C' implies A > C but not C > A.

Data sufficiency: test each statement alone before combining.

RBI: established 1 April 1935, nationalised 1949, headquarters in Mumbai since 1937.

Inflation target 4% CPI, tolerance band 2%–6%, set by the six-member MPC.

NABARD: 1982, on the B. Sivaraman Committee recommendation.

SEBI statutory 1992; IRDAI 1999; PFRDA statutory 2013.

Priority sector lending: 40% of ANBC, 18% agriculture, 7.5% micro enterprises.

PM-KISAN income support; PMFBY crop insurance; KCC crop credit; e-NAM electronic mandi.

Basel III CET1 minimum 4.5% of risk-weighted assets.

First payments bank licences issued in 2015; PMJDY is the flagship inclusion account.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB.

RAM volatile, holds running programs; ROM non-volatile, stores BIOS firmware.

OSI: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application.

IPv4 32-bit, IPv6 128-bit; HTTP port 80, HTTPS port 443.

Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+P print, Alt+F4 close window.

Worm self-replicates; trojan disguises as useful software; ransomware encrypts data.

Phishing is social engineering, not a software exploit.

Excel: $A$1 absolute, A1 relative, $A1 mixed.

GDP = C + I + G + (X − M).

CPI is the RBI's target index; WPI excludes services.

Fiscal deficit = total expenditure − receipts excluding borrowings.

Repo lends against securities; reverse repo absorbs liquidity.

Disguised unemployment = surplus labour in agriculture.

BoP = current account + capital account + errors and omissions.

HDI: life expectancy, schooling years, GNI per capita.

Tendulkar and Rangarajan committees measured Indian poverty.

Kharif sown June–July (rice, cotton); Rabi sown in winter (wheat, mustard).

Cropping intensity = (gross cropped area / net sown area) × 100.

Green Revolution: HYV seeds, irrigation, fertiliser; wheat and rice.

Rhizobium in legumes fixes atmospheric nitrogen.

Drip and sprinkler irrigation improve water-use efficiency.

NABARD administers the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund.

MSP recommended by CACP; procurement by FCI and NAFED.

India is among the largest producers of milk and pulses.

Prefer the legal, ethical, proportionate option over the convenient one.

Protect life and safety first, then rules, then public interest.

Escalate beyond-authority matters to the supervisor.

Eliminate puzzle options that contradict any single constraint.

A cause must precede and sufficiently explain its effect.

Negate an assumption to test whether the argument collapses.

An alternative cause weakens an argument.

A valid course of action is practical and within authority.

Essay: context introduction, 2–3 argument paragraphs with evidence, concluding position.

Formal letter needs subject line and no contractions.

250-word essay should land near 230–270 words.

Precis is about one-third of the original, with no added opinion.

Reports use past tense, third person and heading-based structure.

Use connectors sparingly; overuse is penalised.

Watch homophones: affect/effect, principal/principle.

Avoid uncertain statistics; a wrong figure costs more than a general statement.

Subject-verb agreement is governed by the head noun, not intervening phrases.

'Neither...nor' takes the nearer subject's verb number.

Collective nouns: singular as a unit, plural when members act individually.

Spotting-error order: agreement, tense, collocation, parallelism.

Cloze: classify each blank by part of speech and tone first.

Comprehension: reject extreme options (always, never, only).

Para jumbles: opener has no backward-referring pronoun or connector.

Idioms: 'bite the bullet' = endure hardship; 'bell the cat' = take the risky lead.

SI = PRT/100; CI = P[(1+R/100)^T − 1].

2-year CI−SI difference = P(R/100)².

Successive change: net = a + b + ab/100.

Equal % gain and loss on same-price sales gives net loss (x²/100)%.

Train crossing platform: time = (L+P)/speed.

Boats: b = (D + U)/2, s = (D − U)/2.

Work: together ab/(a+b) days.

Alligation ratio = (mean − cheaper) : (dearer − mean).

nCr = n!/[r!(n−r)!]; nPr = n!/(n−r)!.

'All A are B' + 'All B are C' implies 'All A are C'.

'Some A are B' cannot yield 'All A are B'.

Blood relations: vertical = parent-child, horizontal = spouse or sibling.

Direction sense: 90° turns require Pythagoras for final distance.

Circular arrangement of n people: (n−1)! orders.

Coding-decoding: test position shifts, then reversal.

Inequalities: 'A > B ≥ C' implies A > C, not C > A.

Data sufficiency: test each statement alone first.

RBI: 1 April 1935, nationalised 1949, Mumbai headquarters since 1937.

MPC: six members; inflation target 4% CPI, band 2%–6%.

NABARD: 1982, B. Sivaraman Committee.

SEBI statutory 1992; IRDAI 1999; PFRDA statutory 2013.

Priority sector: 40% of ANBC, 18% agriculture, 7.5% micro enterprises.

PMFBY = crop insurance; KCC = crop credit; e-NAM = electronic mandi.

Basel III CET1 minimum 4.5%.

First payments bank licences issued in 2015.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB.

RAM volatile; ROM non-volatile, stores BIOS.

OSI has seven layers from Physical to Application.

IPv4 32-bit; IPv6 128-bit; HTTP port 80, HTTPS 443.

Ctrl+Z undo; Ctrl+Y redo; Alt+F4 closes the window.

Worm self-replicates; trojan disguises; ransomware encrypts.

Phishing is social engineering, not code exploitation.

Excel: $A$1 absolute, A1 relative, $A1 mixed.

GDP = C + I + G + (X − M).

CPI is the RBI's target index; WPI excludes services.

Fiscal deficit = expenditure − receipts excluding borrowings.

Repo lends against securities; reverse repo absorbs liquidity.

Disguised unemployment = surplus agricultural labour.

BoP = current + capital account + errors and omissions.

HDI: life expectancy, schooling, GNI per capita.

Tendulkar and Rangarajan committees measured poverty.

Kharif sown June–July (rice, cotton); Rabi sown in winter (wheat, mustard).

Cropping intensity = (gross cropped area / net sown area) × 100.

Green Revolution: HYV seeds, irrigation, fertiliser, wheat and rice.

Rhizobium in legumes fixes atmospheric nitrogen.

Drip and sprinkler irrigation improve water-use efficiency.

NABARD administers the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund.

MSP recommended by CACP; procurement by FCI and NAFED.

India is among the largest producers of milk and pulses.

Prefer the legal, ethical, proportionate option over the convenient one.

Protect life and safety first, then rules, then public interest.

Escalate beyond-authority matters to the supervisor.

Eliminate puzzle options contradicting any single constraint.

A cause must precede and sufficiently explain its effect.

Negate an assumption to test whether the argument collapses.

An alternative cause weakens an argument.

A valid course of action is practical and within authority.

Essay: context introduction, 2–3 argument paragraphs with evidence, concluding position.

Formal letter requires a subject line and no contractions.

A 250-word essay should land near 230–270 words.

Precis is about one-third of the original with no added opinion.

Reports use past tense, third person and headings.

Use connectors sparingly; overuse is penalised.

Watch homophones: affect/effect, principal/principle.

Avoid uncertain statistics; a wrong figure costs more than a general statement.