NCC flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Informed consent

Ongoing process of telling clients about counseling's purpose, techniques, risks, benefits, alternatives, fees, confidentiality limits, and right to withdraw, documented in writing whenever possible.

Tarasoff duty to protect

Rule from Tarasoff v. Regents (1976) requiring counselors to take reasonable steps to protect an identifiable third party when a client poses a serious threat of violence.

Nonmaleficence

Ethical principle meaning do no harm: counselors avoid interventions that risk harming clients and select the least harmful effective option available.

Boundary crossing

A deviation from standard professional practice that is not exploitative and may even help the client; it requires reflection, unlike a boundary violation, which is harmful.

Cultural encapsulation

Wrenn's term for viewing reality only through one's own cultural assumptions and ignoring cultural variation, which produces biased assessment and counseling.

Microaggression

Brief, commonplace verbal, behavioral, or environmental slights that convey hostile or demeaning messages to marginalized groups; subtypes are microassault, microinsult, and microinvalidation.

R/CID model

Sue and Sue's five-status model of racial and cultural identity: conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness.

Acculturation strategies

Berry's four patterns, assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization, defined by whether a person retains heritage culture and engages the host culture.

Object permanence

Piaget's sensorimotor accomplishment, usually by 8 to 12 months, in which a child knows objects continue to exist when hidden from view.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for the distance between what a learner can do independently and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable person.

Authoritative parenting

Baumrind's style with high warmth plus high behavioral control and reasoned discipline; it is linked to the most favorable child and adolescent outcomes.

Intimacy versus isolation

Erikson's psychosocial task of young adulthood: forming close committed relationships; unresolved conflict is theorized to produce isolation and fear of commitment.

Super's life stages

Growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and disengagement: developmental periods in which the self-concept is implemented through work roles over the life span.

Holland's RIASEC types

Six vocational personality and work-environment types, Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional, where person-environment congruence predicts satisfaction and stability.

Work adjustment theory

Dawis and Lofquist's theory: satisfaction depends on job reinforcers matching needs, while satisfactoriness depends on abilities matching job requirements; both predict tenure.

CASVE cycle

Cognitive Information Processing decision cycle of communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, and execution, used to structure career decision-making counseling.

Unconditional positive regard

Rogers's core condition of prizing clients without judgment or conditions of worth, which supports congruence and self-directed change in counseling.

Cognitive triad

Beck's model of depression: negative beliefs about the self, the world, and the future, maintained by distorted automatic thoughts and biased information processing.

Stages of change

Prochaska and DiClemente's readiness model of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance, with interventions matched to the client's current stage.

OARS

Motivational interviewing microskills: open questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summaries, used to evoke and reinforce client change talk.

Therapeutic factors

Yalom's mechanisms of change in groups, including universality, altruism, hope, cohesiveness, catharsis, interpersonal learning, and corrective recapitulation of the primary family.

Group cohesion

Members' sense of belonging, acceptance, and mutual support; higher cohesion is associated with better attendance, more self-disclosure, and stronger group outcomes.

Tuckman's stages

Sequence of group development, forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning, describing shifting task and relationship patterns over the group's life.

Group norms

Shared expectations about member behavior such as confidentiality, punctuality, and participation; they develop explicitly or implicitly and regulate group interaction.

Standard error of measurement

Index of the expected variability of obtained scores around a true score, computed as the standard deviation times the square root of one minus reliability.

T-score

Standard score with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10, used on inventories such as the MMPI-2 to report scale elevations.

Criterion-referenced test

Assessment interpreted by comparing performance to a defined skill standard or absolute benchmark rather than to the scores of a norm group.

MMPI-2 validity scales

Scales such as L, F, and K that flag response styles including unusual virtue, infrequent responding, and defensiveness before clinical scales are interpreted.

Internal validity threat

Factors other than the independent variable, such as history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, and attrition, that could explain observed changes in the dependent variable.

Type I error

Rejecting a true null hypothesis, a false positive; its probability equals alpha, conventionally .05, and lowering alpha reduces it while increasing Type II risk.

Effect size

Standardized index of the magnitude of a difference or association, such as Cohen's d, where .2 is small, .5 medium, and .8 large.

Triangulation

Using multiple data sources, methods, investigators, or theories to corroborate qualitative findings and strengthen their credibility.