NE POST cheat sheet

Nepal's federal structure (since 2015) has 7 provinces, 77 districts and 753 local units; the capital is Kathmandu and the currency is the Nepalese rupee (NPR).

Nepal is landlocked between India (south, east, west) and China/Tibet (north); its total area is about 147,516 sq km and it contains 8 of the world's 10 highest peaks, including Everest/Sagarmatha (8,848.86 m).

The Constitution of Nepal was promulgated on 20 September 2015 by the second Constituent Assembly; it declares Nepal a federal democratic republican, secular state with multiparty competition.

Nepal joined the United Nations in 1955 and is a major troop contributor to UN peacekeeping; it is not a member of the WTO accession-free club - it became a WTO member in 2004.

SAARC was founded in Dhaka in 1985 with 7 members (Nepal among them); Afghanistan joined in 2007, making 8 members; the secretariat is in Kathmandu.

Nepal's national symbols: rhododendron (national flower), cow (national animal), danphe (national bird), and the double-pennant civil flag - the only non-quadrilateral national flag.

Key current-affairs anchors: Nepal's census 2021 recorded a population of about 29.16 million; the Nepal Electricity Authority exports surplus power to India and, since 2024, to Bangladesh.

Nepal's provinces: Koshi, Madhesh, Bagmati, Gandaki, Lumbini, Karnali and Sudurpaschim; each has a Provincial Assembly and a Chief Minister heading the provincial government.

Nepali has 11 vowels (स्वर) and 33 consonants (व्यञ्जन) in the Devanagari inventory used for the language; ऋ, ऐ, औ and अं/अः complete the vowel set.

Nouns carry gender (लिङ्ग), number (वचन) and case (कारक); the eight cases are कर्ता, कर्म, करण, सम्प्रदान, अपादान, सम्बन्ध, अधिकरण and सम्बोधन.

लिङ्ग has three values - पुलिङ्ग, स्त्रीलिङ्ग, नपुंसकलिङ्ग; many feminine forms are made with suffixes like -नी (राजा→रानी) or -इनी (नर्तक→नर्तकी).

काल (tense) is broadly वर्तमान, भूत and भविष्यत्; aspect is shown by forms such as गर्छ (simple present), गर्दैछ (progressive) and गरिसक्यो (perfect).

वाच्य (voice) has कर्तृवाच्य (active), कर्मवाच्य (passive) and भाववाच्य (impersonal); passive uses the कर्म as subject with the verb in third person neuter form.

Sandhi (सन्धि) joins sounds: स्वर सन्धि (विद्या+आलय = विद्यालय), व्यञ्जन सन्धि and विसर्ग सन्धि; समास (compound) types include तत्पुरुष, द्वन्द्व, बहुव्रीहि, द्विगु and कर्मधारय.

Punctuation marks: पूर्णविराम (।), अल्पविराम (,), प्रश्नवाचक (?), विस्मयादिबोधक (!), उद्धरण चिन्ह (“ ”) and योजक (-).

उपसर्ग (prefix) and प्रत्यय (suffix) change meaning: e.g. अन+उचित = अनुचित; लेख्+अक = लेखक; the suffix -इमा/-आइ mark abstract nouns.

Subject–verb agreement: singular subjects take singular verbs; collective nouns (team, committee) take a singular verb when acting as a unit, plural when members act individually.

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past action to present; past perfect (had + participle) marks the earlier of two past actions.

Articles: 'a/an' for indefinite countable singulars (an before vowel sounds), 'the' for specific or previously mentioned nouns and unique items; zero article for general plurals and abstract nouns.

Prepositions of time: in (months, years, seasons), on (days, dates), at (clock times, night, noon); 'since' + point in time, 'for' + duration.

Conditionals: first (if + present, will + base), second (if + past, would + base), third (if + had + participle, would have + participle).

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by'; only transitive verbs passivise.

Common error traps: 'one of the + plural noun + singular verb', 'each/every + singular noun', 'neither…nor' agrees with the nearer subject, and 'advise' (verb) vs 'advice' (noun).

Direct to indirect speech: shift tense back one step, change pronouns to third person, and convert time words (now→then, today→that day, tomorrow→the next day).

Percentage change = (new − old)/old × 100; successive percentage changes of a% and b% give net change a + b + ab/100.

Simple interest SI = PRT/100; compound interest CI = P(1 + R/100)^T − P; for 2 years the CI − SI gap equals P(R/100)².

Speed, time, distance: d = s × t; for equal distances at speeds a and b, average speed = 2ab/(a + b), not (a + b)/2.

Profit and loss are computed on cost price: profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; discount is computed on marked price.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; to divide N in ratio a:b:c, parts are N·a/(a+b+c), etc.

Averages: average = sum/count; if every value increases by k, the average rises by k; combined average uses weighted sums, not the mean of means.

Mensuration: area of circle πr², circumference 2πr; volume of cylinder πr²h, sphere (4/3)πr³, cone (1/3)πr²h.

Permutation/combination: nPr = n!/(n−r)!, nCr = n!/[r!(n−r)!]; probability = favourable outcomes / total equally likely outcomes.

Number series: check differences first, then ratios, then squares/cubes or alternating operations; prime-based series mix primes with ±1.

Coding–decoding: letter positions A=1…Z=26; opposite letters sum to 27 (A↔Z, B↔Y); reverse-alphabet codes use 27 − position.

Blood relations: draw a family tree; vertical lines for generations, horizontal for siblings/spouses; 'maternal' refers to mother's side, 'paternal' to father's.

Direction sense: fix a compass (N up, E right); net displacement uses Pythagoras when movement is at right angles; left/right turns reverse on facing south.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; conclusions must hold in every possible Venn diagram of the premises.

Seating arrangement: for a circle, clockwise right/left depends on facing (inward vs outward); for linear rows, positions are counted from a stated end.

Clocks: angle between hands = |30H − 5.5M| degrees; hands coincide every 65 5/11 minutes. Calendar: odd-day method; a normal year shifts the weekday by 1, a leap year by 2.

Analogy and odd-one-out: identify the relation class (part–whole, cause–effect, synonym, category) before comparing options.

The Constitution of Nepal 2015 has 35 parts, 308 articles and 9 schedules; Article 17 guarantees fundamental rights including equality, freedom and fair trial.

Fundamental rights are enforceable through writs under Article 46 (habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, quo warranto) in the Supreme Court and High Courts.

The Nepal Police is organised under the Police Act 2019 (2076 BS); the Inspector General of Police heads the force, appointed by the Government of Nepal.

Police powers of arrest and detention must respect Article 20 (rights of accused) and Article 22 (right against preventive detention); detainees must be produced before a court within 24 hours.

The Muluki Criminal Code 2017 (2074 BS) and Criminal Procedure Code 2017 govern offences, investigation, bail and trial; the Evidence Act 2031 BS governs admissibility.

The National Human Rights Commission (constitutional body under Article 249) monitors rights violations; the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA, Article 238) handles corruption.

Community policing in Nepal is delivered through Ward Police Offices and bodies such as the Community Police Coordination Committee; beat policing assigns officers to defined beats.

Use-of-force rules: force must be necessary and proportionate; firearms are a last resort, and every discharge must be reported and recorded in the station diary.