VWO Turks (elementair) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Skimming

A fast reading technique to get the main idea by looking at titles, headings, first and last sentences of paragraphs, without reading every word.

Scanning

Quickly moving your eyes over a text to find specific information such as a name, number, or date, ignoring unrelated content.

Signaalwoorden

Words like 'maar', 'omdat', 'dus', 'bijvoorbeeld' that show the relationship between sentences or paragraphs, such as contrast, cause, or example.

Hoofdgedachte

The central idea or message of a text, often found in the introduction or conclusion and supported by the rest of the text.

Verwijswoord

A word such as 'hij', 'zij', 'die', 'dat', 'deze' that refers back to a noun or phrase mentioned earlier; number and gender help identify the referent.

Tekstdoel

The purpose of a text, for example to inform, persuade, instruct, or entertain; it influences tone, layout, and verb forms.

Feit versus mening

A fact is verifiable and objective; an opinion is personal and signaled by phrases like 'ik vind', 'volgens mij', or 'naar mijn mening'.

Intonatie

The rise and fall of the voice in speech; in Dutch a rising pitch at the end of a sentence usually signals a question.

Distractor

An incorrect answer option that seems plausible because it repeats a word from the audio or text but expresses a different or opposite meaning.

Kernzin

A sentence that contains the most important information of a paragraph or spoken fragment, often near the beginning or end.

Luisterstrategie

An approach to listening such as predicting content from the question, listening for gist first, then details, and noting numbers immediately.

Gespreksonderwerp

The topic of a conversation; identifying it early helps you understand the context and predict vocabulary that will follow.

Inversie

In Dutch, when a sentence begins with an adverbial, the subject and finite verb swap places: 'Morgen ga ik naar school' instead of 'Morgen ik ga'.

Bijzin woordvolgorde

In a subordinate clause introduced by a conjunction like 'omdat' or 'als', the finite verb moves to the end: '... omdat ik ziek ben'.

Formele brief

A letter opening with 'Geachte heer/mevrouw,' and closing with 'Met vriendelijke groet,' followed by your name, using 'u' throughout.

Signaalwoorden in schrijven

Linking words such as 'ten eerste', 'daarnaast', 'echter', 'tot slot' that structure a written text and guide the reader.

Werkwoordsvervoeging

Changing a verb to match the subject: 'ik' uses the stem, 'hij/zij' adds -t, plural uses the infinitive, and past tense follows weak or strong patterns.

Aanspreekvorm

The choice between formal 'u' and informal 'jij/je', which must stay consistent throughout a text depending on the audience.

Interpunctie

Punctuation rules; in Dutch a comma is used before 'maar' and 'want' when joining main clauses, but not before 'en' or 'of' in a simple list.

Beleefdheidsvormen

Polite phrases such as 'Zou u', 'Kunt u', 'Mag ik' used to make requests or ask questions in a respectful way.

Om verduidelijking vragen

Repair phrases like 'Kunt u dat herhalen?', 'Wat bedoelt u?', 'Kunt u langzamer praten?' used when you did not understand something.

Mening geven

Expressing an opinion with phrases like 'Ik denk dat...', 'Volgens mij...', 'Ik ben het eens/oneens', usually followed by a reason with 'omdat'.

Turn-taking

The way speakers alternate in a conversation, using short reactions and follow-up questions to keep the exchange going smoothly.

Afsluiting gesprek

Polite ways to end a conversation, such as 'Nou, ik moet gaan', 'Tot ziens', or 'Fijne dag verder'.

Uitspraak: g en ch

The Dutch 'g' and 'ch' are pronounced as a guttural sound in the throat, not like the English 'g' or 'ch'.

De of het

About 75% of Dutch nouns take 'de'; diminutives ending in -je and all plural nouns take 'de'; other nouns may take 'het'.

Voltooide tijd

The perfect tense is formed with 'hebben' or 'zijn' plus a past participle; 'zijn' is used with verbs of movement or change of state.

Vaste voorzetsels

Prepositions that must be memorized with their verb or adjective, such as 'wachten op', 'denken aan', 'afhankelijk van'.

Trap van vergelijking

The comparative and superlative forms: 'groter', 'het grootst'; irregular forms include 'goed – beter – best' and 'veel – meer – meest'.

Voornaamwoordelijk bijwoord

A word like 'ervan', 'ermee', 'waarvan', 'waarmee' that replaces 'van het', 'met het', 'van wat', 'met wat' when referring to things.

Valse vrienden

Words that look similar in Dutch and English but differ in meaning, e.g., 'actueel' = current, 'eventueel' = possible, 'brutaal' = cheeky.

Woordvorming

Creating new words with prefixes like 'be-', 'ver-', 'ont-' and suffixes like '-heid', '-ing', '-baar', '-lijk'.