Norway Theory Test - Category C1 key terms

The legal duty to drive carefully and show consideration so that no danger or unnecessary obstruction is caused to others. It is the general standard against which most driving behaviour is judged.

The obligation to give way to other traffic at junctions, roundabouts, pedestrian crossings and when entering a road. Failing to give way is one of the most common causes of serious collisions.

The default rule that a driver must give way to traffic approaching from the right where no signs or markings say otherwise. It applies in built-up areas and at unmarked junctions.

A road where traffic has priority over traffic joining from side roads, shown by the priority road sign and the give-way or stop signs on the side roads. Side-road traffic must wait.

An obligation to stop completely at a stop line before entering a road, regardless of whether other traffic is visible. Rolling slowly past the line is a breach even if the road looks clear.

The maximum permitted speed on a stretch of road, shown by sign or implied by the general limits. It is an upper limit for ideal conditions, not a target speed in rain, darkness or heavy traffic.

The distance a vehicle travels from the moment braking starts until it stops. It grows with the square of speed, so doubling speed roughly quadruples the braking distance.

The distance covered while the driver perceives a hazard and moves the foot to the brake, before braking actually begins. It increases in proportion to speed and is longer when tired or distracted.

The total distance needed to stop, equal to reaction distance plus braking distance. At 80 km/h in good conditions it is roughly 60 metres, and considerably more when wet.

A trailer towed by a vehicle. For C1 the trailer's permitted total mass may not exceed 750 kg, and the combination's total mass must stay within the limits of the licence and the vehicle documents.

The maximum permitted mass of a vehicle including load, fuel, driver and passengers, as stated in the vehicle registration document. Exceeding it is an offence and affects braking and handling.

The difference between total permitted mass and the vehicle's own unladen mass, meaning the maximum weight of cargo, passengers and equipment that may be carried. It must be known before loading.

The load transmitted to the road by a single axle or axle group. Each axle has a permitted maximum, and overloading one axle while staying under total weight is still illegal.

The measures taken to stop cargo moving or falling off during transport. Loads must be secured against forward, backward and sideways forces, and the securing must be checked during the journey.

The straps, chains or lashings used to tie down a load. They must have sufficient strength and be attached to proper anchor points, with the tension checked and re-tightened if it slackens.

The part of a load that projects beyond the front, rear or side of the vehicle. Long rear overhang must be marked, and rules limit how far cargo may protrude.

The maximum permitted width of a vehicle and its load, normally 2.55 metres for a lorry. Wider loads need dispensation and may require escort or marking.

The total height of vehicle and load, which must be known before driving under bridges, tunnels or wires. The driver is responsible for checking clearance signs and not relying on guesswork.

The EU/EEA rules limiting daily driving to nine hours, normally extendable to ten twice a week, and requiring a break of at least 45 minutes after four and a half hours of driving.

The required uninterrupted rest within each 24-hour period, normally at least 11 hours and reducible to 9 hours no more than three times between weekly rests. It must be taken away from the vehicle.

A regular weekly rest of at least 45 hours, or a reduced rest of at least 24 hours, taken after no more than six consecutive daily driving periods.

The recording device that logs speed, distance, driving time and rest periods. Drivers must use it correctly, insert their driver card and be able to produce records for inspection.

The driving licence document showing which vehicle categories the holder may drive. For C1 it covers lorries up to 7.5 tonnes, and it must be carried while driving and shown on request.

The medical fitness standards a professional driver must meet, including vision and general health, confirmed by a doctor's certificate. The certificate has a limited validity and must be renewed.

Reduced alertness from long driving, poor sleep or monotonous roads. It slows reactions and can cause micro-sleeps. The only cure is stopping and resting, not fresh air or coffee alone.

The area around a lorry that the driver cannot see in the mirrors. It is largest on the right side and directly in front, so cyclists and pedestrians there are especially at risk.

The mirrors fitted to give the driver a view behind and to the sides. They must be correctly adjusted before driving and checked frequently, especially before turning or changing lane.

A turn to the right, the most dangerous manoeuvre for lorries because of the blind spot on that side. The driver should check mirrors, signal early and watch for cyclists and pedestrians.

Changing from one lane to another. It requires checking mirrors, signalling in good time, checking the blind spot and leaving enough space for other road users.

The gap kept to the vehicle ahead, normally at least three seconds in good conditions and more when wet, icy or dark. It gives time to react and stop without colliding.

Using engine resistance, by selecting a lower gear, to slow the vehicle on long descents. It prevents the service brakes from overheating and fading, which is critical with a heavy load.

An auxiliary braking system, often hydraulic or electromagnetic, that slows the vehicle without using the wheel brakes. It reduces brake wear and helps control speed on long downhill gradients.

Antilock braking system that prevents the wheels locking under hard braking, keeping steering control. On a lorry it improves stability, but it does not shorten braking distance on loose or icy surfaces.

Electronic stability programme that detects and corrects skidding by braking individual wheels and reducing engine power. It helps keep a lorry with a high load upright and on course.

The tyres on the vehicle, whose tread depth, pressure and condition determine grip and braking. Worn or under-inflated tyres increase stopping distance and the risk of aquaplaning.

The air pressure inside the tyres, which must be checked regularly when cold and adjusted for load. Wrong pressure causes uneven wear, poor handling and higher fuel consumption.

The amount of fuel used per distance driven. It depends on driving style, speed, load, tyre pressure and idling, and can be cut by smooth acceleration, early gear changes and avoiding unnecessary idling.

Economical and environmentally aware driving: anticipating traffic, keeping steady speed, using engine braking and avoiding hard acceleration and idling. It lowers fuel use, emissions and wear.

Immediate care given at an accident scene before emergency services arrive, including securing the site, checking breathing and stopping bleeding. The priorities are safety, calling for help and life-saving action.

Alerting the emergency services by calling the emergency number and giving clear information about location, number of injured and hazards. Early and accurate calling saves lives.

A reflective warning triangle placed behind a broken-down vehicle to warn approaching traffic. It is set out at a suitable distance, further on fast roads and never in a place that endangers the driver.