Lok Sewa Nayab Subba cheat sheet

Nepal has 7 provinces, 77 districts, and 753 local units (6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalities, 460 rural municipalities).

Mount Everest (Sagarmatha) height: 8,848.86 m, jointly announced by Nepal and China in December 2020.

Nepal's total area: 147,516 sq km; length approx. 885 km east-west, width 193 km north-south.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Nepal: 10 (7 cultural in Kathmandu Valley, 2 natural: Sagarmatha and Chitwan, 1 cultural: Lumbini).

National parks: 12; wildlife reserves: 1 (Shuklaphanta); conservation areas: 6; hunting reserve: 1 (Dhorpatan).

Major rivers: Koshi, Gandaki, Karnali (the three main river systems); Nepal's largest lake: Rara (Mugu); deepest: Shey Phoksundo (Dolpa).

Nepal's climate zones: Terai (below 1,000 m), Hill (1,000–3,000 m), Mountain (above 3,000 m); Himalayan region has tundra/arctic climate.

Nepal joined the United Nations in 1955; SAARC founded in Dhaka in 1985; BIMSTEC headquarters in Dhaka.

National symbols: rhododendron (national flower), cow (national animal), danphe (national bird), crimson red with blue border (national flag).

Nepali alphabet (वर्णमाला): 11 स्वर (vowels), 33 व्यञ्जन (consonants), 3 अयोगवाह (ं, ँ, ः), and 10 स्वर चिह्न (matras).

लिङ्ग (gender): पुलिङ्ग (masculine), स्त्रीलिङ्ग (feminine), नपुंसकलिङ्ग (neuter) - e.g., राजा/रानी, छोरा/छोरी.

वचन (number): एकवचन (singular) and बहुवचन (plural); plural markers include -हरू, -गण, -वर्ग.

कारक (case) and विभक्ति (inflection): कर्ता (ने), कर्म (लाई), करण (ले/द्वारा), सम्प्रदान (लाई), अपादान (बाट/देखि), सम्बन्ध (को/का/की), अधिकरण (मा/भित्र), सम्बोधन (हे/ए).

काल (tense): वर्तमान (present), भूत (past), भविष्यत् (future); पक्ष (aspect): सामान्य, अपूर्ण, पूर्ण.

वाच्य (voice): कर्तृवाच्य (active), कर्मवाच्य (passive), भाववाच्य (impersonal).

शब्दभेद (parts of speech): नाम, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रिया, क्रियाविशेषण, सम्बन्धसूचक, संयोजक, विस्मयादिबोधक, नामयोगी.

सन्धि (sandhi): स्वर सन्धि, व्यञ्जन सन्धि, विसर्ग सन्धि - e.g., विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (स्वर सन्धि).

समास (compound): तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्वन्द्व, द्विगु, बहुव्रीहि, अव्ययीभाव.

Tenses: 12 combinations of 3 times (past, present, future) × 4 aspects (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous).

Passive voice structure: object + be (conjugated) + past participle + (by subject); only transitive verbs take passive.

Conditionals: Zero (if + present, present), First (if + present, will + V1), Second (if + past, would + V1), Third (if + had + V3, would have + V3).

Articles: 'a/an' indefinite (a before consonant sound, an before vowel sound); 'the' definite for specific/unique nouns.

Prepositions of time: in (months/years/seasons), on (days/dates), at (exact times); of place: in (enclosed), on (surface), at (point).

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject → singular verb; 'each, every, either, neither' take singular verbs; 'both, few, many' take plural.

Direct to indirect speech: change pronouns (first→third person), tense backshift (present→past, past→past perfect), time/place words (now→then, here→there).

Common idioms: 'a blessing in disguise' (apparent misfortune that is beneficial), 'once in a blue moon' (very rarely), 'break the ice' (initiate conversation).

Punctuation: comma for lists/clauses, semicolon between independent clauses, colon before lists/explanations, apostrophe for possession/contraction.

Percentage: part = (percent/100) × whole; percentage change = (new − old)/old × 100%.

Profit/Loss: Profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; Loss% = (CP − SP)/CP × 100; SP = CP × (100 + profit%)/100.

Simple Interest: SI = P × R × T / 100; Amount = P + SI. Compound Interest: A = P(1 + R/100)^T; CI = A − P.

Average: sum of observations / number of observations; combined average = (n1×a1 + n2×a2)/(n1+n2).

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; continued proportion a:b = b:c → b² = ac.

Time and work: if A does work in x days and B in y days, together = xy/(x+y) days; work rate = 1/x per day.

Speed, distance, time: Speed = Distance/Time; relative speed (same direction) = difference, (opposite) = sum.

Area/Volume: circle area = πr², circumference = 2πr; rectangle area = l×b; triangle area = ½×b×h; cylinder volume = πr²h; sphere volume = (4/3)πr³.

LCM and HCF: LCM × HCF = product of two numbers; HCF of fractions = HCF(numerators)/LCM(denominators).

SI base units: metre (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (current), kelvin (temperature), mole (amount), candela (luminous intensity).

Newton's laws: 1st (inertia), 2nd (F = ma), 3rd (action-reaction); weight = mg, g ≈ 9.8 m/s².

Chemical symbols: H, O, C, N, Na, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ag, Au, Hg, Pb; water = H₂O, carbon dioxide = CO₂, table salt = NaCl.

Human body: 206 bones in adult, 32 teeth in adult, heart has 4 chambers, normal blood pressure ≈ 120/80 mmHg.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂; occurs in chloroplasts using chlorophyll.

Computer basics: CPU = ALU + Control Unit + registers; RAM is volatile, ROM is non-volatile; 1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes.

Internet protocols: HTTP/HTTPS for web, FTP for file transfer, SMTP/POP3/IMAP for email, TCP/IP as core suite.

Blood groups: A, B, AB, O; O negative is universal donor, AB positive universal recipient; Rh factor determines + or −.

Vitamins: A (retinol, vision), B-complex (energy metabolism), C (ascorbic acid, immunity), D (calciferol, bone), E (tocopherol), K (clotting).

Accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity; expanded: Assets = Liabilities + Capital + Revenue − Expenses − Drawings.

Double-entry rule: every transaction has equal debits and credits; debit increases assets/expenses, credit increases liabilities/equity/revenue.

Journal → Ledger → Trial Balance → Financial Statements is the accounting cycle; trial balance checks arithmetic accuracy, not completeness.

Final accounts: Trading Account (gross profit), Profit & Loss Account (net profit), Balance Sheet (financial position on a date).

Office filing methods: alphabetical, numerical, chronological, geographical, subject-wise; e-filing uses digital folders and metadata.

Official correspondence: सरकारी पत्र (government letter), अर्धसरकारी पत्र (semi-official), परिपत्र (circular), प्रेस विज्ञप्ति (press release), टिप्पणी (note sheet).

Record retention: Nepal's Financial Procedure and Fiscal Responsibility Act governs retention of government records; standard retention often 5–10 years depending on document type.

Depreciation methods: straight-line = (Cost − Salvage)/Useful life; reducing balance = fixed % on book value each year.

Budget types: capital (infrastructure) vs recurrent (salaries/operations); Nepal's fiscal year runs Shrawan 1 to Ashad end (mid-July to mid-July).

Constitution of Nepal 2072 (2015) has 35 parts, 308 articles, and 9 schedules; promulgated on Asoj 3, 2072 (20 September 2015).

Fundamental rights are in Part 3 (Articles 16–46); right to constitutional remedy (Article 46) allows writs: habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, quo warranto.

President is head of state, Prime Minister is head of government; Federal Parliament = House of Representatives (275) + National Assembly (59).

House of Representatives: 165 FPTP + 110 proportional; National Assembly: 56 elected + 3 nominated by President.

Public administration principles: hierarchy, unity of command, span of control, delegation, decentralization, transparency, accountability.

Nepal's civil service: governed by Civil Service Act 2049 (1993); Public Service Commission (Lok Sewa Aayog) conducts recruitment.

Local Government Operation Act 2074 defines 753 local units' powers; 18 scheduled rights for local governments under Schedule 8.

Good governance pillars: rule of law, transparency, accountability, participation, responsiveness, effectiveness, equity.

Writ jurisdiction: Supreme Court under Article 133; High Court under Article 144; habeas corpus can be filed against illegal detention.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): 17 goals, 169 targets, adopted by UN in 2015 with 2030 deadline; Nepal has localized them into periodic plans.

Nepal's 16th Periodic Plan (2081/82–2085/86) targets graduation from LDC status by 2026 and achieving middle-income status by 2030.

Climate change: Paris Agreement (2015) aims to limit warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C; Nepal's NDC includes net-zero by 2045.

Nepal's foreign policy: Panchsheel, non-alignment, UN Charter, peaceful coexistence; Nepal hosts SAARC Secretariat in Kathmandu.

Federal budget: presented by Finance Minister in joint session of both houses; Nepal's budget for FY 2081/82 is approx. NPR 1.86 trillion.

Digital Nepal Framework (2019): 8 sectors, 80 digital initiatives; aims to leverage ICT for development.

Nepal's remittance: contributes approx. 25% of GDP; largest source of foreign exchange; major destinations: Gulf, Malaysia, India.

Disaster risk: Nepal is in seismic Zone V; 2015 Gorkha earthquake (7.8 Mw) killed ~9,000; National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Authority (NDRRMA) established 2019.

Nepal's population (2021 census): 29.16 million; growth rate 0.92%; literacy rate 76.3%; sex ratio 95.59 males per 100 females.