Lok Sewa Nayab Subba key terms

The non-gazetted first-class civil service post below Sakha Subba in Nepal's administrative hierarchy, filled through the Public Service Commission's open competitive examination and typically involving supervision of clerical staff and record keeping.

Nepal's constitutional Public Service Commission, empowered under Article 242 to conduct examinations and recommend candidates for civil service appointments, promotions and transfers, ensuring merit-based recruitment free of political interference.

The Nepal Gazette, the official government publication in which acts, ordinances, rules, appointments, tenders and notifications take legal effect once published; unpublicized decisions generally lack enforceable legal force.

A non-gazetted second-class post in Nepal's civil service, senior to Nayab Subba, usually heading a section or branch office and responsible for checking subordinate work before endorsement by higher authority.

A formal decision recorded by a competent authority in writing, often in the form of a file note or order sheet, which binds the office and provides the basis for subsequent action or appeal.

A written note or office memorandum prepared on a file, summarizing facts, precedents and proposals so that the deciding authority can approve, modify or reject the matter under consideration.

The inward registration of letters and documents received by an office, assigning a serial number and date in the register so that correspondence can be traced, tracked and later retrieved reliably.

The outward dispatch register in which outgoing letters are recorded with serial number, date, addressee and subject before being sent, providing proof of dispatch and enabling follow-up.

The record-keeping system of an office, covering files, registers, indexes and their retention schedule; proper beyora management supports accountability, audit and continuity of administration across staff transfers.

Office property and stores, including furniture, equipment and consumables, which must be recorded in stock registers, verified periodically and disposed of only through prescribed procedures to prevent misuse.

Internal control: the policies and procedures within an office that safeguard assets, ensure accurate accounting and promote compliance with rules, exercised through segregation of duties, authorization and periodic reconciliation.

Audit: the independent examination of accounts and records to verify whether expenditure was authorized, lawful and properly documented, leading to an audit report and possible surcharge for irregularities.

The annual budget, a statement of estimated revenue and expenditure approved by the legislature, which authorizes spending and provides the legal ceiling within which an office may commit public funds.

Government revenue, comprising taxes, fees, fines and other receipts collected under law and deposited into the consolidated fund or designated accounts rather than retained by the collecting office.

Financial rules and procedures governing the collection, custody and disbursement of public money, including the requirement of supporting bills, sanctioning authority and timely settlement of advances.

The Constitution of Nepal, the supreme law adopted in 2015, establishing federalism, fundamental rights, and the structure of legislative, executive and judicial organs at federal, provincial and local levels.

Fundamental rights guaranteed in Part 3 of the Constitution of Nepal, such as equality, freedom of expression and right to education, enforceable through writ petitions in the Supreme Court or High Court.

A writ petition, a constitutional remedy used to compel a public authority to perform a legal duty or to correct an abuse of authority; the term appears in the constitutional provisions on extraordinary jurisdiction of courts.

Constitutional amendment, the formal process by which provisions of the Constitution of Nepal may be altered, requiring a special majority in Parliament and, for certain matters, ratification by provincial assemblies.

An institution created directly by the Constitution, such as the Public Service Commission, Election Commission or Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority, whose powers and independence are constitutionally protected.

The civil service of Nepal, organized into classes and occupational groups, governed by the Civil Service Act and Regulations, with recruitment, promotion and discipline regulated by law and the Public Service Commission.

A local level body such as a rural municipality or municipality, created by the Constitution of Nepal, exercising legislative, executive and judicial powers within its defined territory and list of competencies.

Federalism: the division of state power among federal, provincial and local governments, each with constitutionally listed exclusive and concurrent powers, plus principles for resolving disputes over competence.

A verb in Nepali grammar, carrying tense, person, number, honorific level and voice; the finite verb agrees with the subject and is the core of a well-formed sentence.

Case role in Nepali grammar, the grammatical relation a noun or pronoun bears to the verb, marked by postpositions such as le, lai, bata and ko rather than by inflection of the noun itself.

A case marker or postposition attached after a noun phrase to show its grammatical function, for example le marking the agent and lai marking the object or recipient in Nepali sentences.

Grammatical gender in Nepali, where nouns and adjectives may be masculine or feminine and agreement patterns affect forms such as ramro/ramri and chhora/chhori.

Grammatical number in Nepali, singular or plural, usually shown by plural suffixes such as haru and reflected in verb agreement and honorific concord.

The phonological joining of two adjacent sounds or words, producing a combined form; in Nepali and Sanskrit-derived vocabulary, sandhi explains alternations at morpheme boundaries and affects correct spelling.

Compound formation, the combining of two or more words into a single compound noun, classified by relationship such as tatpurush, dwandwa and bahubrihi, tested in Nepali grammar sections.

Grammar: the system of rules describing the structure of a language, covering sounds, word formation, sentence structure and meaning, and forming a major section of the Nepali and English papers.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be derived from its individual words, such as 'to break the ice'; idiom questions test recognition of figurative meaning and appropriate contextual use in English.

A verb combined with an adverb or preposition that creates a new meaning, such as 'put off' or 'look into'; the particle changes the sense and often the transitivity of the base verb.

A word showing the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another element, indicating place, time, direction or manner, as in 'in', 'on', 'at', 'between' and 'among'.

The grammatical category expressing the time of an action or state relative to the moment of speaking, realized in English through verb forms and auxiliaries across present, past and future.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in person and number, so that singular subjects take singular verbs and compound or collective subjects follow specific conventions tested in error-correction items.

A word with a meaning close to that of another word, such as 'begin' and 'commence'; synonym questions test vocabulary range and sensitivity to slight differences in register and usage.

A word expressing the opposite meaning of another, such as 'scarce' and 'abundant'; antonym items test precise vocabulary knowledge rather than mere recognition of a familiar word.