Science & Technology (विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि): Procedure, Numericals and Diagrams
The Science & Technology (विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि) domain is the largest single component of SEE: a 75-mark theory paper plus a 25-mark practical. It samples the Grade 10 integrated syllabus - force and gravitation, pressure, heat, light, electricity and magnetism, classification of elements, chemical reactions, gases, metals and non-metals, hydrocarbons, living beings and environment, ecosystem, heredity, reproduction, and earth and space. Marks go to correct procedure as much as to correct answers: working, balanced equations, labelled diagrams and precise definitions.
Core rules and conventions
- Work in SI units and write the unit at every step: N, J, W, Pa, kg/m³, Ω.
- Numericals are marked step-wise: formula → substitution → answer with unit. A bare answer can score zero.
- Weight = mg in newtons; mass in kilograms. Use g = 9.8 m/s² unless the paper states 10 m/s² - follow the instruction given.
- Balance every chemical equation and add state symbols (s), (l), (g), (aq) when asked.
- Ray diagrams need arrows on rays, a marked normal and dotted construction lines; label object and image.
Worked example
A 5 kg mass is lifted 4 m in 2 s. Find the work done and the power developed (g = 10 m/s²).
Reasoning: the upward force must at least equal the weight, F = mg = 5 × 10 = 50 N. Work W = F × d = 50 × 4 = 200 J. Power P = W/t = 200 J ÷ 2 s = 100 W. The unit check confirms it: N·m = J, and J/s = W. A 100 W result means 100 J is transferred each second - reasonable for a small lift. If the question asks for work done against gravity, report the same magnitude with that wording.
Traps that cost marks
- Mass/weight mix-up: “weight is 50 kg” loses the mark; weight is 50 N.
- Measuring the angle of incidence from the mirror surface instead of from the normal.
- Writing an unbalanced equation, or omitting the condition (heat, catalyst) written above the arrow.
- Swapping reflection with refraction, or real images with virtual ones.
- In genetics, confusing genotype ratio with phenotype ratio (1:2:1 versus 3:1).