Nepal TSC Lower Secondary Teaching License key terms

Ongoing evaluation of student learning throughout a course, using varied methods to inform teaching and provide feedback, rather than relying only on a final examination.

Assessment used during instruction to monitor learning, identify gaps, and adjust teaching in real time; it is low-stakes and feedback-oriented.

Assessment conducted at the end of a unit, term, or course to measure achievement against learning outcomes, often for grading or certification purposes.

A scoring guide that lists criteria and describes levels of performance for a task, helping ensure consistency and transparency in judging student work.

Designing teaching and assessment so that learning activities and tasks directly support the intended learning outcomes, ensuring coherence across a lesson or course.

A clear statement of what a learner should know, understand, or be able to do by the end of a lesson, unit, or programme, often expressed with observable verbs.

A curriculum organised around the competencies (knowledge, skills, and attitudes) learners need to demonstrate, rather than around subject content alone.

A document that sets the overall structure, principles, and expected learning areas for an education system, guiding the development of syllabi and textbooks.

An outline of the topics, sequence, and assessment requirements for a specific subject and grade, derived from the curriculum framework.

The process of preparing lessons by setting objectives, selecting content and methods, and planning assessment, usually documented in a lesson plan.

Modifying or supplementing textbook content to match learners' needs, local context, and available resources while still meeting curriculum requirements.

Teaching a single class that includes learners from two or more grade levels, requiring differentiated planning, peer support, and flexible grouping.

Adapting content, process, and product to learners' readiness, interests, and learning profiles so that all students can access the curriculum.

An approach where all learners, including those with disabilities or from marginalised groups, learn together in mainstream classrooms with appropriate support.

Learning difficulties or disabilities that require additional or adapted support for a student to access education effectively.

A written plan for a learner with special educational needs that sets specific goals, support strategies, and review dates, developed collaboratively with parents and specialists.

Vygotsky's concept describing the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can achieve with guidance from a more capable person.

Temporary support provided by a teacher or peer to help a learner complete a task they cannot yet do independently, gradually removed as competence grows.

A learning theory holding that learners actively build knowledge by connecting new information with prior experience, rather than passively receiving it.

An approach where learners investigate questions, gather and analyse evidence, and construct explanations, with the teacher acting as facilitator.

A teaching method in which students work over an extended period on a complex, authentic task that integrates knowledge and skills across the curriculum.

Information given to learners about their performance, ideally specific, timely, and actionable, so they can close the gap between current and desired performance.

Assessment that requires students to demonstrate skills by producing a product or carrying out a task, judged against defined criteria.

The ability to analyse information, evaluate evidence, identify assumptions, and make reasoned judgements rather than accepting claims uncritically.

Asking questions that require analysis, evaluation, or creation (e.g., why, how, what if) rather than simple recall, to deepen student thinking.

A hierarchical classification of learning objectives from lower-order (remember, understand, apply) to higher-order (analyse, evaluate, create) thinking skills.

The process of identifying a problem, generating possible solutions, selecting and implementing one, and evaluating the result.

Systematic inquiry by teachers into their own classroom practice to improve teaching and learning, often cyclical: plan, act, observe, reflect.

Teachers' deliberate examination of their own beliefs and actions to learn from experience and improve professional practice.

Ongoing learning activities that teachers undertake to update knowledge, skills, and practices, including training, mentoring, and collaborative inquiry.

A set of expected professional behaviours and ethical standards for teachers, covering responsibilities toward students, colleagues, parents, and the community.

Principles guiding right conduct in a profession, such as integrity, fairness, confidentiality, and respect for learners' dignity.

The entitlements of children to survival, protection, development, and participation, as recognised in international conventions and national law.

Physical punishment used to discipline learners; it is prohibited in Nepali schools and considered a violation of children's rights and dignity.

Legislation that governs the organisation, management, and regulation of education in Nepal, including teacher licensing and school operations.

Rules framed under the Education Act that specify procedures for school registration, teacher recruitment, examinations, and other administrative matters.

The constitutional body in Nepal responsible for recommending and selecting teachers for community schools through competitive examinations and interviews.

The use of information and communication technologies, such as computers, multimedia, and the internet, to support teaching, learning, and assessment.

The ability to find, evaluate, create, and communicate information using digital tools, including basic technical skills and critical understanding of digital content.

An instructional approach that combines face-to-face classroom teaching with online or digital learning activities.

Teaching, learning, and research materials that are freely available and openly licensed for reuse, adaptation, and redistribution.