Tile Materials, Types, and Standards
The families and their standards
Clay roof tile is specified under ASTM C1167, which grades tile by weathering resistance; Grade 1 is the severe-weathering grade used in heavy freeze-thaw climates. Concrete roof tile falls under ASTM C1492. Slate is tested for breaking load and modulus of rupture under ASTM C120, and slate is graded by strength and weathering characteristics. Composite, fiber-cement, and recycled-content tiles exist but must be evaluated by the manufacturer's data and code evaluation reports.
Profiles and properties
- Barrel or Spanish, S-tile, interlocking flat, shingle, French, and trim pieces such as hip, ridge, starter, and rake.
- Weight commonly runs 700 to 1,200 lb per square for clay and concrete tile; slate can be heavier, so the structure must be checked for dead load.
- Fire ratings are established by assembly testing under ASTM E108; wind performance in high-wind zones may require a product approval such as a Miami-Dade NOA.
- Absorption, freeze-thaw durability, and salt resistance drive product selection near the coast and in cold climates.
Inspect deliveries for cracks, chipped corners, warping, and color mismatch, and cull damaged pieces before they reach the roof. Confirm the tile is blind-nailable with properly placed nail holes and that fasteners match the environment.
Worked example. A mountain project with hard freezes specifies clay tile. You select ASTM C1167 Grade 1, verify saturated weight and absorption from the manufacturer's data, then give the engineer the dead load for tile plus underlayment and battens before the deck is framed.
Traps. Assuming all tile weighs the same; using hip and ridge pieces as field tile; ignoring fastener corrosion on coastal jobs; accepting damaged tile because it will be cut anyway; trusting a fire rating without the full assembly.