NCEA L1 Health Studies flashcards
NCEA L1 Health Studies · Build recall with a focused review session.
33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Te Whare Tapa Whā
- Mason Durie's Māori wellbeing model: four walls - taha wairua, taha hinengaro, taha tinana, taha whānau - on a whenua foundation. A weak wall weakens the whole house.
- Taha wairua
- The spiritual dimension of Te Whare Tapa Whā: values, beliefs, purpose, connection to ancestors and land. It underpins identity and can be strengthened or damaged by life events.
- Taha hinengaro
- The mental and emotional dimension: thoughts, feelings, coping and mental health. It interacts with the other walls, so stress can show up as physical illness.
- Taha tinana
- The physical dimension: body health, nutrition, exercise, sleep and illness. It is one wall only, so treating physical symptoms alone does not restore full hauora.
- Taha whānau
- The family and social dimension: relationships, belonging, caregiving and community. Whānau wellbeing is collective and intergenerational, so one person's health affects the whole group.
- Fonofale model
- A Pacific health model using a fale (house): family as foundation, spiritual, physical and mental pillars, shelter as roof, surrounded by culture, environment, time and context.
- Meihana model
- A Māori health framework extending Te Whare Tapa Whā by adding migration, colonisation and racism as determinants, plus clinical and cultural assessment dimensions for health practice.
- Te Pae Mahutonga
- Durie's community wellbeing framework: mauriora, waiora, toiora, te oranga, ngā manukura and te mana whakahaere - identity, environment, lifestyle, participation, leadership and autonomy.
- Hauora
- Māori concept of holistic wellbeing covering physical, mental, social and spiritual dimensions. It is broader than the absence of disease and is shaped by relationships and environment.
- WHO health definition
- The World Health Organization defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease - an aspirational ideal that is widely critiqued.
- Determinants of health
- The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. They include biological, behavioural, social, economic, environmental and cultural factors affecting health outcomes.
- Social determinants
- Conditions such as income, education, employment, housing, food security, transport and social support. They often influence health more strongly than access to health care.
- Socioeconomic gradient
- Health improves stepwise as income and status rise. The size of the gap between groups matters, so relative inequality predicts health as well as absolute poverty does.
- Dahlgren–Whitehead model
- A rainbow-shaped model layering health influences: individual factors, lifestyle, social networks, living and working conditions, and general socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions.
- NZDep index
- A New Zealand area deprivation index ranking small areas by income, employment, qualifications, housing, communication and transport. It describes areas, not individual people.
- Ottawa Charter
- A 1986 health-promotion framework with five actions: build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills and reorient health services.
- Health inequity
- Differences in health that are avoidable, unfair and unjust - for example, unequal access to care by ethnicity or income. It differs from unavoidable biological variation.
- Health equity
- The absence of avoidable, unfair differences in health. Achieving it may require unequal resourcing, giving more support to groups facing greater barriers.
- Intersectionality
- Overlapping social identities and conditions - such as low income, disability and rural location - combine to compound disadvantage rather than simply adding separate effects.
- Cultural determinants
- Factors such as colonisation, racism, language, identity and belonging that shape health. They help explain persistent inequities for Māori and Pacific peoples in Aotearoa.
- Behavioural determinants
- Personal actions such as smoking, alcohol use, diet, physical activity and sleep. They are shaped by environments and marketing, so blaming individuals alone is misleading.
- Health-related inquiry
- A structured process: identify an issue, frame a question, gather and evaluate evidence, interpret findings, decide on action, then evaluate that action.
- SMART goals
- A goal-setting rule: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound. It turns a broad health concern into a testable, trackable action target.
- PICO question
- A structured health question naming Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome. It makes the question answerable with available evidence and guides the search.
- Evidence hierarchy
- A ranking of research designs by strength: systematic reviews and meta-analyses above randomised controlled trials, then cohort, case-control, case reports and opinion.
- Correlation vs causation
- Two variables moving together does not prove one causes the other. Check for confounding, reverse causation and selection bias before drawing causal conclusions.
- Reliability
- The consistency of a measurement across repeated uses or different observers. A reliable tool gives similar results each time, but it may still measure the wrong thing.
- Validity
- Whether a tool or study measures what it claims to measure. A measure can be reliable but invalid, for example a scale consistently off by two kilograms.
- Informed consent
- Participants agree freely after being told the purpose, procedures, risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw. It is essential for ethical health inquiry.
- Confidentiality and anonymity
- Confidentiality means data are kept private and access is limited; anonymity means identities are never collected. Both protect participants and support honest responses.
- Cultural safety
- Practice that recognises power differences and the cultural identity of the person or group, so they feel respected and safe. It requires reflection on one's own assumptions.
- Shared decision-making
- A process where the person, their whānau and the health professional discuss options, evidence and values together, then agree on a plan rather than a clinician deciding alone.
- Programme evaluation
- Judging an action using process (was it delivered as planned?), impact (did outcomes shift?) and outcome measures, combining quantitative and qualitative data.