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NCEA L1 Health Studies study materials
NCEA L1 Health Studies study resources

NCEA L1 Health Studies practice questions

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Question 1Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Under Te Whare Tapa Whā, a person's wellbeing is represented by four walls of a wharenui. Which wall represents the dimension of taha whānau?

  1. Social wellbeing and relationships with family and community Correct answer.
  2. Mental and emotional wellbeing
  3. Spiritual connection to ancestors and land
  4. Physical health and bodily care

Explanation

Taha whānau is the social dimension of Te Whare Tapa Whā, covering belonging, relationships and the roles a person holds within whānau and community. The model holds that all four walls must stand strong together for a person to be well.

Question 2Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A school uses the Fonofale model when planning a wellbeing programme for Pasifika students. In this model, what does the fale (house) itself represent?

  1. The physical environment such as weather and housing
  2. The family, which is the foundation and shelter for the individual Correct answer.
  3. Government health services
  4. The individual person standing alone

Explanation

In the Fonofale model the house represents the family, which shelters and supports the individual. The individual sits inside the fale, showing that wellbeing is understood within the family and cultural context rather than in isolation.

Question 3Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which statement best describes the concept of hauora in the New Zealand health curriculum?

  1. A government funding scheme for community sports
  2. A type of traditional herbal remedy used by tohunga
  3. A medical diagnosis given when a person becomes physically unwell
  4. A Māori philosophy of wellbeing made up of four interconnected dimensions Correct answer.

Explanation

Hauora is a Māori philosophy of health and wellbeing that includes taha tinana, taha hinengaro, taha whānau and taha wairua. The dimensions are interconnected, so a change in one affects the others.

Question 4Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Mei has recently moved to New Zealand and feels isolated because she cannot speak much English. Using the dimensions of hauora, which dimension is most directly affected by her difficulty communicating with classmates?

  1. Taha hinengaro only, because language is a thinking skill
  2. Taha whānau, because communication affects her connections with others Correct answer.
  3. Taha wairua, because language is purely a spiritual matter
  4. Taha tinana, because isolation changes her physical fitness

Explanation

Communication is central to building and maintaining relationships, which sit within taha whānau. Feeling unable to connect with classmates directly weakens her social dimension of wellbeing.

Question 5Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A community group opens a free evening sports programme for local rangatahi. Which aspect of hauora does this initiative most directly strengthen?

  1. Taha wairua, through religious instruction
  2. Taha hinengaro, through academic tutoring
  3. Taha tinana, through physical activity Correct answer.
  4. Taha whānau, through family counselling

Explanation

A sports programme primarily promotes physical activity, which supports taha tinana. It may also build social connections, but the most direct and intended benefit described is physical.

Question 6Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which of the following is an example of a protective factor for mental wellbeing in a young person?

  1. A supportive whānau and at least one trusted adult to talk to Correct answer.
  2. Long periods of isolation from friends
  3. Being bullied regularly at school
  4. Frequent changes of school and home

Explanation

Protective factors are conditions that reduce the likelihood of poor wellbeing, and strong family support and trusted relationships are well-recognised examples. Risk factors such as bullying or isolation increase vulnerability rather than protect against it.

Question 7Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A whānau decides to grow a vegetable garden together and share the harvest. Which combination of hauora dimensions is most clearly supported by this activity?

  1. Taha tinana through nutritious food and taha whānau through working together Correct answer.
  2. Taha tinana only, because the activity is purely physical
  3. Taha hinengaro only, because planning a garden requires thought
  4. Taha wairua only, because gardening is a spiritual practice

Explanation

Growing and sharing food supports physical wellbeing through better nutrition and physical activity. Working together as a whānau strengthens relationships, which is the social dimension.

Question 8Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which statement best explains why the four dimensions of Te Whare Tapa Whā are described as interconnected?

  1. Each dimension can only be improved by a doctor
  2. Only physical health matters when the others are weak
  3. A change in one dimension affects the strength of the others Correct answer.
  4. The dimensions are ranked in order of importance

Explanation

The model uses the metaphor of four walls of a house, where weakness in one wall weakens the whole structure. This shows that the dimensions influence each other rather than operating separately.

Question 9Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A community wants to reduce alcohol-related harm among young people. Which approach best reflects an upstream or health-promotion approach?

  1. Changing local alcohol sale hours and providing alcohol-free youth events Correct answer.
  2. Providing counselling only after young people are already harmed
  3. Blaming individuals who choose to drink
  4. Waiting for families to report problems before acting

Explanation

Upstream approaches act on the conditions that create harm before it occurs, such as access to alcohol and opportunities for social connection. They shift focus from individual blame to changing the environment.

Question 10Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which of these is a determinant of health that lies outside the health system itself?

  1. The waiting time for a GP appointment
  2. The number of hospital beds available
  3. The training level of surgeons
  4. Housing quality and household income Correct answer.

Explanation

Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people live, such as housing, income and education. These shape health outcomes and sit largely outside the health system's direct control.

Question 11Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A survey finds that people living in the lowest-income households visit GPs less often than people in high-income households, even when they report similar symptoms. What does this most likely illustrate?

  1. That GPs are not useful for anyone
  2. An inequity in access to health care linked to cost Correct answer.
  3. That health outcomes are random and unrelated to income
  4. That low-income people are never unwell

Explanation

When groups with similar needs have different access to care, this is an inequity. Cost is a well-documented barrier that can prevent people on low incomes from seeking timely care.

Question 12Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which of the following best describes the concept of health equity?

  1. Giving every person exactly the same treatment regardless of need
  2. Ensuring hospitals make a profit
  3. Fair access to health care and the conditions needed to be healthy for all groups Correct answer.
  4. Treating only people who can pay for services

Explanation

Health equity means fairness, so people receive what they need to reach good health, which may differ between groups. It is not the same as treating everyone identically regardless of their circumstances.

Question 13Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Te Pae Māhutonga is a Māori health promotion framework. Which element of this framework relates to community leadership and self-determination?

  1. Mana whakahaere Correct answer.
  2. Waiora
  3. Te Oranga
  4. Toiora

Explanation

Te Pae Māhutonga uses the symbol of the Southern Cross, with each star representing an element. Mana whakahaere refers to autonomy, leadership and the ability of communities to control their own health direction.

Question 14Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A local marae runs a free community health check day with kaumātua and nurses. Which factor is most likely to increase whānau attendance?

  1. Setting the event far away and requiring appointments weeks in advance
  2. Providing information only in English and only online
  3. Holding the event in a familiar, trusted place with people they know Correct answer.
  4. Charging a fee for entry

Explanation

Trust and familiarity are strong enablers of health service use, especially for groups who may have experienced barriers. A marae setting with known people reduces intimidation and increases accessibility.

Question 15Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which of these best describes a strengths-based approach to working with whānau in health promotion?

  1. Listing everything a whānau is doing wrong
  2. Focusing only on problems reported by agencies
  3. Identifying what a whānau already does well and building on those skills Correct answer.
  4. Deciding for the whānau what their goals should be

Explanation

A strengths-based approach starts from existing capabilities, relationships and knowledge within a whānau and uses them as the basis for change. It contrasts with deficit-based approaches that focus only on problems.

Question 16Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A young person's family has recently separated, and they have moved between two homes. Which statement best reflects a holistic view of how this might affect their hauora?

  1. It only affects their spiritual beliefs
  2. It will only affect their physical fitness
  3. It will have no effect if they are eating well
  4. It may affect several dimensions at once, including emotional, social and physical wellbeing Correct answer.

Explanation

A holistic view recognises that a major life change can affect several dimensions at once. Stress may affect emotional wellbeing, relationships may change, and routines such as sleep and eating may be disrupted.

Question 17Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which of these is an example of primary prevention in a community health context?

  1. Ongoing medication for chronic pain
  2. Surgery to repair a broken bone
  3. A vaccination programme offered to all eligible children Correct answer.
  4. Rehabilitation after a stroke

Explanation

Primary prevention aims to stop disease or injury occurring in the first place, and vaccination is a classic example. The other options are treatment or rehabilitation after harm has already happened.

Question 18Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which of the following statements about social connection and wellbeing is best supported by health research?

  1. Only family relationships matter, not friendships
  2. Strong social connections are associated with better mental and physical health outcomes Correct answer.
  3. Social connection only matters for older adults
  4. Social connection has no measurable effect on health

Explanation

Research consistently links strong social connection with better mental health and lower rates of many physical health problems. Loneliness and isolation are recognised risk factors across age groups.

Question 19Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A community notices that many local children cannot safely walk to school because there are no footpaths. Which action best addresses this as a health issue?

  1. Advocating to the council for safe footpaths and crossings Correct answer.
  2. Telling each child to try harder to be careful
  3. Removing physical education from the school timetable
  4. Discouraging children from walking anywhere

Explanation

The built environment is a determinant of health, and safe footpaths and crossings reduce injury risk and encourage physical activity. Changing the environment is more effective than placing responsibility on individual children.

Question 20Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which of these best describes the role of a health promoter working in a community?

  1. Performing surgery in an operating theatre
  2. Diagnosing and prescribing for individual patients
  3. Supporting communities to identify and act on their own health priorities Correct answer.
  4. Running a hospital ward's daily medical rounds

Explanation

Health promotion focuses on enabling communities and populations to improve their own health through education, advocacy and environmental change. Clinical roles such as diagnosis, prescribing and surgery belong to medical practice.

Question 21Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A whānau wants to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, which runs in their family. Which plan best reflects a holistic and realistic approach?

  1. Relying only on medication and ignoring lifestyle
  2. Waiting until symptoms are severe before acting
  3. Avoiding all medical advice and trusting chance
  4. Combining shared healthy meals, regular activity and regular check-ups with a GP Correct answer.

Explanation

A holistic plan addresses physical activity, nutrition and early monitoring, which together reduce risk. Combining lifestyle change with professional support is more effective than relying on a single approach.

Question 22Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which statement best explains the difference between equality and equity in health service design?

  1. Equality means only wealthy people receive care
  2. Equality and equity mean exactly the same thing
  3. Equity means giving more to people who already have the most
  4. Equality gives everyone the same service, while equity adjusts support to meet different needs Correct answer.

Explanation

Equality provides identical resources to everyone, while equity recognises that different people need different levels of support to achieve similar outcomes. Equity aims to remove unfair barriers faced by particular groups.

Question 23Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which of the following is an example of how culture can support wellbeing for Māori?

  1. Avoiding all contact with whānau
  2. Participating in kapa haka, which builds identity and connection Correct answer.
  3. Living without any connection to whenua
  4. Ignoring te reo Māori completely

Explanation

Cultural participation such as kapa haka strengthens identity, belonging and connection, which support taha wairua and taha whānau. Culture is recognised as a positive determinant of wellbeing.

Question 24Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A community health survey shows that a high proportion of local rangatahi report feeling lonely. Which response best reflects a community-level approach to this issue?

  1. Telling each young person to make more friends on their own
  2. Creating youth-led spaces and events that build connection Correct answer.
  3. Reducing the number of places where young people can meet
  4. Ignoring the data because loneliness is not a health issue

Explanation

Community-level approaches change the environment and create opportunities for connection rather than placing responsibility on individuals. Youth-led spaces are more likely to be relevant and well used.

Question 25Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which of these best explains why health promotion often focuses on communities and populations rather than only on individuals?

  1. Communities never need individual support
  2. Population approaches are always cheaper than treatment
  3. Individuals cannot make any health decisions
  4. Changing shared conditions can improve health for many people at once Correct answer.

Explanation

Population approaches act on shared determinants such as housing, income and environment, so they can benefit large numbers of people. They complement rather than replace individual-level care.

Question 26Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Te Whare Tapa Whā uses the image of a wharenui with four walls. In this model, what does the taha whānau wall represent?

  1. Spiritual wellbeing and connection to ancestors
  2. Mental and emotional wellbeing
  3. Physical health and the functioning of the body
  4. Social wellbeing and belonging through relationships with family and community Correct answer.

Explanation

In Te Whare Tapa Whā, taha whānau is the dimension concerned with social relationships, family connection and a sense of belonging. It sits alongside taha tinana, taha hinengaro and taha wairua, and the model holds that all four walls must stand strong for the house to be balanced.

Question 27Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A public health team describes a person's health as shaped by income, housing, education and employment. Which term do health studies use for these conditions?

  1. The determinants of health Correct answer.
  2. Genetic inheritance
  3. Clinical indicators
  4. Personal lifestyle choices

Explanation

Determinants of health are the social, economic, cultural and environmental conditions that influence health outcomes. Income, housing, education and employment are commonly grouped as social determinants, which is why health promoters look beyond individual behaviour.

Question 28Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which statement best defines hauora as it is used in health studies in Aotearoa New Zealand?

  1. A government strategy for funding hospital services
  2. A fitness programme designed for secondary school students
  3. A Māori view of wellbeing that includes physical, mental, social and spiritual dimensions Correct answer.
  4. A set of rules for treating illness with traditional plant medicine

Explanation

Hauora is a Māori concept of health and wellbeing that is holistic, encompassing physical, mental and emotional, social and spiritual dimensions. Models such as Te Whare Tapa Whā are built on this understanding, so hauora is broader than the absence of disease.

Question 29Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A community group wants to support the mental wellbeing of local rangatahi. Which action is an example of strengthening social connection?

  1. Setting up a weekly after-school sports and kai space where young people can meet Correct answer.
  2. Handing out pamphlets about depression symptoms at the supermarket
  3. Asking a GP to screen more young people for anxiety
  4. Adding a mental health page to the school website

Explanation

Social connection is strengthened when people have regular, supportive opportunities to interact and belong. A recurring shared activity such as sport and kai builds relationships and a sense of belonging, which are recognised protective factors for mental wellbeing.

Question 30Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which of these is an example of a secondary prevention approach in a community health setting?

  1. Fluoridating a town's water supply
  2. Providing free sunscreen in public places
  3. Teaching a workplace ergonomics session to prevent back strain
  4. A bowel screening programme that detects early signs of cancer in people without symptoms Correct answer.

Explanation

Secondary prevention aims to detect disease early, before symptoms appear, so that treatment can begin sooner and outcomes improve. Screening programmes are the classic example, because they identify people who already have early disease rather than preventing the disease from starting.

Question 31Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which of the following best describes what is meant by a community in health promotion?

  1. A group of people who share a place, identity, interest or set of circumstances Correct answer.
  2. Only the health professionals who serve a local area
  3. Only the people who live inside a single suburb boundary
  4. A group of people with the same diagnosed medical condition

Explanation

In health promotion, community can mean a geographic area, but it can also mean a group linked by shared identity, culture, interest or experience, such as a faith group or a workplace. This broad definition lets health promoters work with communities of place and communities of interest.

Question 32Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A whānau wants to improve their wellbeing but has limited money. Which action best reflects the idea of a strength-based, holistic plan?

  1. Identify what they already do well, such as shared cooking and regular kōrero, and build on those habits Correct answer.
  2. Ask a doctor to prescribe medication for each family member
  3. Wait until they can afford a private gym membership
  4. Focus only on cutting out sugar from their diet

Explanation

A strengths-based approach starts from what a whānau already has and does well, rather than from deficits. Building on existing practices such as shared cooking and kōrero can strengthen several dimensions of hauora at once and does not depend on extra income.

Question 33Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which statement best describes the purpose of health promotion?

  1. To treat people who are already seriously ill in hospital
  2. To reduce the number of hospital beds needed by discharging patients earlier
  3. To enable people and communities to increase control over and improve their health Correct answer.
  4. To train more doctors and nurses for the health workforce

Explanation

Health promotion is about enabling people and communities to increase control over the factors that affect their health and to improve it. It works through healthy public policy, supportive environments, community action, personal skills and reorienting health services, rather than through treatment alone.

Question 34Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A community health worker is planning a programme with a local Pacific community. Which approach best reflects cultural responsiveness?

  1. Consulting community elders and adapting the programme to the community's language and values Correct answer.
  2. Delivering the programme quickly before the community can raise concerns
  3. Deciding the programme content alone to save time
  4. Using the same programme materials that worked in another suburb

Explanation

Cultural responsiveness means working with a community in ways that respect its language, values and leadership. Consulting elders and adapting the programme shows the community's knowledge is valued and is more likely to produce a programme that fits and is used.

Question 35Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A town has a high rate of rheumatic fever among children living in crowded housing. Which action best addresses an upstream determinant of this health issue?

  1. Running a campaign encouraging parents to watch for sore throats
  2. Funding more hospital beds for children with heart complications
  3. Supporting healthy housing policies that reduce overcrowding Correct answer.
  4. Providing throat swabs at the medical centre for children with sore throats

Explanation

Upstream action targets the conditions that cause ill health rather than the illness itself. Crowded housing is a determinant that increases the spread of strep infections, so housing policy that reduces overcrowding addresses the cause rather than the downstream symptoms.

Question 36Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A health promoter uses the Ottawa Charter. Which action is an example of building healthy public policy?

  1. A council passing a smokefree outdoor areas bylaw Correct answer.
  2. A nurse teaching a patient to manage their asthma
  3. A school setting up a peer support group
  4. Running a cooking class for families

Explanation

Healthy public policy is one of the five Ottawa Charter action areas and refers to decisions by governments and organisations that make healthier choices easier for whole populations. A council bylaw is a policy decision that shapes environments for everyone, unlike individual or small-group activities.

Question 37Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Two neighbourhoods have the same number of parks, but one has safe crossings and lighting while the other does not. Which statement best explains why this difference matters for health equity?

  1. Health equity means every neighbourhood must receive exactly the same facilities
  2. The neighbourhood without safe crossings and lighting may have less real access, so equity requires extra support there Correct answer.
  3. Both neighbourhoods have equal access because the number of parks is the same
  4. Access to parks is unrelated to health equity

Explanation

Equity is about fair opportunity to be healthy, not identical resources. If one neighbourhood cannot safely reach its parks, its residents have less real access, so equity may require targeted improvements such as lighting and crossings to create fair conditions.

Question 38Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A whānau is dealing with a long-term illness. Which support best reflects the principle of whanaungatanga in a health service?

  1. Involving the wider whānau in care planning and decision-making Correct answer.
  2. Giving the patient a leaflet to read alone at home
  3. Referring the patient to a different clinic in another town
  4. Limiting visits so the patient can rest without family present

Explanation

Whanaungatanga refers to relationships and kinship ties, so a service that practises it recognises the whānau as part of care. Involving the wider whānau in planning supports collective decision-making and the patient's sense of belonging and support.

Question 39Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A community wants to reduce harm from gambling machines in its local area. Which action best reflects community action as described in health promotion frameworks?

  1. A pamphlet produced by a national agency
  2. A single resident writing a complaint letter to a venue
  3. Local residents, churches and schools forming a group to lobby the council for a sinking lid policy Correct answer.
  4. A doctor advising one patient to avoid gambling venues

Explanation

Community action involves communities identifying issues and organising collectively to influence decisions that affect their health. A coalition of local groups lobbying for a policy change shows collective action and shared leadership, which is stronger than individual effort.

Question 40Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A health promoter is evaluating a community programme. Which measure best shows whether the programme improved health equity?

  1. The number of staff employed by the programme
  2. Whether the gap in outcomes between the most and least advantaged groups narrowed Correct answer.
  3. The total number of people who attended any session
  4. The size of the programme's budget

Explanation

Health equity is about fair outcomes between groups, so an equity-focused evaluation compares outcomes across groups. A narrowing gap between the most and least advantaged groups shows the programme reached those who needed it most, which attendance totals or budgets cannot show.

Question 41Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A marae-based health service offers free clinics and also hosts kapa haka and te reo classes. Which statement best explains how this supports wellbeing?

  1. Only the free clinics affect wellbeing, because culture is not a health factor
  2. Cultural activities replace the need for clinical services
  3. The service works because it separates culture from health
  4. Cultural participation strengthens taha wairua and taha whānau alongside access to health care Correct answer.

Explanation

Wellbeing is holistic, so cultural participation can strengthen spiritual and social dimensions while the clinics address physical health. A marae-based service that combines both reflects a holistic view of hauora rather than treating culture and clinical care as separate.

Question 42Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A school notices that students from lower-income homes are less likely to join a costly sports trip. Which response best reflects equity in action?

  1. Telling students to save their own money for the trip
  2. Running the trip only for students who can pay
  3. Cancelling the trip for everyone so no one misses out
  4. Offering subsidised places and borrowing gear so cost is not a barrier Correct answer.

Explanation

Equity means removing barriers so that everyone has a fair chance to participate. Subsidies and borrowed gear target the financial barrier directly, allowing students from lower-income homes to take part without denying anyone else the opportunity.

Question 43Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Which statement best explains why health promotion often measures outcomes at a population level?

  1. Population data are always more accurate than individual clinical records
  2. Individual health is unimportant in health promotion
  3. Population data remove the need for any individual treatment
  4. Population measures reveal patterns and inequalities that individual cases cannot show Correct answer.

Explanation

Population-level data allow health promoters to see patterns, trends and differences between groups that are invisible when looking at one person. These patterns guide where resources and policy change are most needed, while individual care continues alongside.

Question 44Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A local council is deciding where to place a new community health centre. Which approach best reflects the principle of participation in health promotion?

  1. The council announces the site after construction is complete
  2. The council copies the site choice from another city
  3. The council holds hui so residents can share their needs before the site is chosen Correct answer.
  4. Council planners choose the site using only traffic data

Explanation

Participation means involving the people affected in decisions about their health and environment. Holding hui before deciding lets residents contribute local knowledge and priorities, which is more likely to produce a service that meets community needs.

Question 45Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A whānau describes feeling judged and rushed when they visit a health service, so they stop going. Which change would most improve their access to care?

  1. Training staff in respectful communication and allowing longer appointments for whānau kōrero Correct answer.
  2. Extending the clinic's opening hours only
  3. Printing the clinic's brochure in more languages
  4. Adding more parking spaces at the clinic

Explanation

Barriers to access can be relational as well as practical, and feeling judged or rushed is a relational barrier. Respectful communication and time for kōrero address that barrier directly, which is more likely to rebuild trust and encourage the whānau to return.

Question 46Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A community health initiative reports that it reduced smoking rates but widened the gap between high- and low-income residents. Which conclusion is most defensible?

  1. The initiative failed completely and should be abandoned
  2. The initiative was fully successful because overall smoking fell
  3. Equity is irrelevant when overall rates improve
  4. The initiative improved the average but did not improve equity, so it should be redesigned to reach low-income residents Correct answer.

Explanation

An overall improvement can hide a widening gap between groups, which is why equity must be assessed separately from averages. Redesigning the initiative to reach low-income residents would address the unequal distribution of benefit without discarding what worked.

Question 47Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A health promoter wants to apply the Ottawa Charter to reduce alcohol harm among young people. Which set of actions best reflects the charter's action areas?

  1. Only increasing the price of alcohol
  2. Combining restrictions on alcohol advertising, youth-led community events, life-skills education and support services Correct answer.
  3. Only running school assemblies about alcohol risks
  4. Only asking parents to supervise their children more closely

Explanation

The Ottawa Charter calls for action across several areas at once, including healthy public policy, supportive environments, community action, personal skills and reorienting services. A combined approach that includes advertising restrictions, youth-led events, education and support services reflects that multi-level strategy.

Question 48Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

Two programmes aim to improve nutrition. Programme A gives every household the same food parcel. Programme B gives larger parcels and cooking support to households with the least income. Which statement best analyses the difference?

  1. Neither programme can be judged on equity grounds
  2. Programme B is more equitable because it directs more support to those facing the greatest barriers Correct answer.
  3. The two programmes must produce identical outcomes because both provide food
  4. Programme A is more equitable because everyone is treated identically

Explanation

Equity means distributing support according to need so that everyone has a fair opportunity to be healthy. Programme B targets households facing the greatest financial barriers, which is the equity approach, whereas identical parcels reflect equality of treatment rather than fairness of outcome.

Question 49Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A community group argues that a new road bypass will affect residents' health. Which analysis best reflects a holistic, determinants-based view?

  1. Health effects are irrelevant because roads are a transport matter
  2. Only the number of road injuries should be counted as a health effect
  3. Only residents' personal choices about walking should be considered
  4. The group should consider air quality, physical activity, access to services, social connection and local economy together Correct answer.

Explanation

A determinants-based view recognises that health is shaped by many interacting conditions, so a transport decision can affect health through air quality, activity, access and social ties. Considering these together gives a more complete picture than counting injuries alone.

Question 50Wellbeing of individuals, whānau and communities

A health agency wants to know whether a community programme reduced inequalities in child immunisation. Which evaluation design is strongest?

  1. Comparing immunisation rates between high- and low-deprivation areas before and after the programme Correct answer.
  2. Reporting the total number of vaccinations given across the region
  3. Asking staff whether they thought the programme worked
  4. Counting how many posters were distributed

Explanation

To assess whether inequalities changed, an evaluation must compare outcomes between groups over time. Comparing high- and low-deprivation areas before and after the programme shows whether the gap narrowed, which is the equity question being asked.