Nature of Technology
Nature of Technology tests what technology is, how it develops, and how it shapes and is shaped by people and environments. Level 2 answers need a clear example and an explanation of context, values, and consequences - not a list of pros and cons.
Technology as purposeful intervention
Technology is purposeful intervention by design; it is not simply applied science. It involves creativity, trade-offs, and innovation. Invention is a new idea or device; innovation is the successful implementation and adoption of that idea. Technological outcomes have physical attributes (materials, size, finish) and functional attributes (what they do). Fitness for purpose is judged against the outcome’s context and purpose, not in the abstract.
Social shaping and consequences
Technology is socially constructed: cultural values, laws, economics, ethics, and user practices shape what is developed and how it is used. In Aotearoa New Zealand, this can include Māori values and mātauranga Māori where relevant. Outcomes have intended and unintended consequences, and benefits and risks are unevenly distributed. Sustainability requires considering lifecycle, energy, waste, and equity.
Worked example
An e-scooter scheme is introduced in a city. Purpose: short trips that reduce car use. Physical attributes: weight, battery, brakes. Functional attributes: range, speed, stability. Context: footpaths, cycleways, weather, tourists and commuters. Social shaping: bylaws, safety campaigning, and public complaints lead to speed limits and designated parking. Consequences: convenience and lower emissions, but footpath safety and battery waste. Fitness for purpose differs for a commuter and a tourist. Reasoning: the design and rules are justified by values and context, not just performance.
Traps
- Calling technology “just tools” or “applied science”.
- Treating technology as neutral or as the single cause of social change.
- Confusing invention with innovation.
- Listing consequences without linking them to values, power, or fitness for purpose.