ORIGO Hungarian C1 key terms

A person's considered opinion or position on an issue, often stated and defended in a discussion or formal text. Recognising whose stance is being reported is essential in C1 reading and listening tasks.

A line of reasoning in which claims are supported by evidence and linked logically. C1 texts often require you to follow an argument across several paragraphs and identify its weak points.

A counter-argument raised against a stated position, usually introduced to be refuted or conceded. Identifying concessions helps you answer inference questions accurately.

The developed explanation of an idea, giving detail and support rather than a brief mention. Exam questions often ask which point receives the fullest elaboration in a passage.

A conclusion drawn from information that is implied rather than stated outright. Inference items test whether you can combine clues in the text with general knowledge.

An indirect reference to a person, event or idea, often through a pronoun or a brief phrase. Tracking references across sentences is a core reading skill at C1.

The way sentences and paragraphs are linked through connectors, pronouns and repeated ideas so the text reads as a whole. Noticing these links helps you place missing sentences correctly.

A conjunction or linking adverb such as 'mivel', 'ezért', 'ugyanakkor' or 'ellenben'. Choosing the right connector is tested both in reading gaps and in written production.

The overall textual cohesion created by connectors, lexical chains and structural signposting. In gap-fill tasks you rely on it to decide which sentence fits the surrounding context.

Condensing a longer passage into its essential points without losing the main message. Summary-writing tasks assess whether you can separate central claims from supporting detail.

The central idea that a paragraph or whole text is built around. Identifying it quickly is the first step in matching headings or choosing the best title.

The spoken part of the exam, typically including a monologue, a dialogue with the examiner and a discussion of a topic or stimulus. Fluency, range and interaction are assessed together.

A speaking task in which you act out a situation, such as complaining in a shop or negotiating a plan. You must respond appropriately to the examiner's prompts and keep the exchange going.

A structured discussion in which participants defend opposing views on a topic. In the oral exam you are expected to state a position, react to counter-arguments and summarise the exchange.

An uninterrupted monologue on a given topic, lasting several minutes, with a clear structure. It tests your ability to organise ideas, use discourse markers and sustain accurate language.

Explaining a word or concept using other words when the exact term is unknown. This communication strategy keeps speech fluent and is valued in oral assessment.

The ability to speak at a natural pace without long pauses or frequent restarts. Examiners rate it separately from accuracy and range in oral performance criteria.

How clearly and correctly words are pronounced, including stress and intonation patterns. Hungarian vowel length and consonant assimilation are common problem areas for learners.

The emphasis placed on a syllable or word in speech. In Hungarian the main stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word, and sentence stress can shift meaning.

The rising and falling melody of speech across a phrase or sentence. Correct intonation signals questions, contrast and emphasis, and supports clear communication in the oral exam.

Understanding spoken language, tested through recordings of conversations, interviews or announcements. You must grasp main ideas, specific details and the speaker's attitude.

Taking brief notes while listening so key facts, numbers and names can be recalled when answering. Effective note-taking uses abbreviations and symbols rather than full sentences.

A word or short phrase that carries the essential information in a spoken or written text. Spotting keywords quickly helps you locate answers and avoid distractors.

What a speaker is trying to achieve, such as persuading, apologising, warning or making a request. Listening questions often ask you to identify this rather than the literal content.

A subtle difference in tone or meaning, for example between a polite suggestion and a firm instruction. Recognising such nuances is a hallmark of C1-level comprehension.

A written composition produced under exam conditions, usually a formal or semi-formal text of a set length. Clear paragraphing, appropriate register and accurate grammar are all assessed.

A formal letter written to an institution, employer or authority, following conventions such as a salutation, structured body and closing formula. Register and formulaic phrases are central to the task.

The level of formality in language, ranging from informal chat to official prose. Choosing a register that suits the reader and purpose is explicitly assessed in writing tasks.

The organisation of a text into introduction, body paragraphs and conclusion, with each paragraph developing one idea. A clear structure makes writing easier to follow and earns marks.

A group of sentences dealing with a single point, separated from the next group. Starting a new paragraph for each new idea is a basic expectation in C1 writing.

A short plan listing the points to be covered before writing begins. Spending a few minutes on an outline prevents repetition and keeps the composition within the word limit.

The number of words in a written task, usually set within a range. Significantly exceeding or falling short of the limit can affect your score, so planning length matters.

Rewriting a sentence or passage so that it keeps the same meaning but uses different wording or structure. Paraphrase tasks test grammatical control and vocabulary flexibility.

Correctness in grammar, word choice and sentence construction. It is a standard assessment criterion in both the written and spoken parts of the exam.

The ability to read and understand written texts, from articles and reports to notices and advertisements. Tasks test main ideas, detail, inference and the writer's attitude.

A task in which you decide whether statements about a text are true, false or not stated. The 'not stated' option requires careful checking that the text does not support the claim.

A spoken exchange between two or more people, central to listening tasks and to the interactive part of the oral exam. Following turn-taking and speaker changes is essential.

A recorded question-and-answer exchange, common in listening papers. Questions often require you to distinguish the interviewer's prompts from the guest's actual opinion.