ALS A&E Elementary cheat sheet

Main idea = the central point of a passage; supporting details explain, prove, or illustrate it.

Context clues: definition (is called/means), synonym (similar word nearby), antonym (contrast words like but/however), example (such as/for instance).

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; words between subject and verb do not change agreement.

Simple past forms regular verbs with -d/-ed; irregular verbs change form (go→went, buy→bought, write→wrote).

Active voice: subject performs the action; passive voice: subject receives it (be + past participle).

Punctuation: comma for lists and introductory phrases; period for statements; question mark for direct questions; apostrophe for possession or contraction.

Fact can be verified; opinion expresses belief or feeling and often uses evaluative words (best, should, beautiful).

Prefixes change meaning (un-, re-, dis-); suffixes change word class (-ness noun, -ful adjective, -ly adverb).

Pangngalan ay salitang tumutukoy sa tao, bagay, hayop, lugar, o pangyayari; may pantangi (tiyak) at pambalana (karaniwan).

Panghalip pamatlig: ito/nito (malapit sa nagsasalita), iyan/niyan (malapit sa kausap), iyon/niyon (malayo sa dalawa).

Pandiwa ay nagsasaad ng kilos; aspekto: pangnagdaan (kumain), pangkasalukuyan (kumakain), panghinaharap (kakain).

Pang-uri ay naglalarawn ng pangngalan o panghalip; kaantasan: lantay, pahambing (mas/magkasing-), pasukdol (pinaka-).

Pang-abay ay naglalarawan sa pandiwa, pang-uri, o kapwa pang-abay; uri: pamanahon, panlunan, pamaraan.

Pangatnig ay nag-uugnay ng salita, parirala, o sugnay: at, o, ngunit, dahil, kaya, kung.

Tuldik: pahilis (´) diin, paiwa (`) malumay sa dulo, pakupya (^) malumi; makapagbabago ng kahulugan (buhay/buhay).

Sanhi at bunga: sanhi ang dahilan (dahil/sapagkat), bunga ang resulta (kaya/tuloy).

Order of operations (PEMDAS/GEMDAS): parentheses, exponents, multiplication/division left to right, addition/subtraction left to right.

Percent: part = rate × base; rate = part ÷ base; base = part ÷ rate. Convert percent to decimal by dividing by 100.

Fraction operations: add/subtract with common denominator; multiply numerator × numerator and denominator × denominator; divide by multiplying by the reciprocal.

Perimeter of rectangle = 2(l + w); area of rectangle = l × w; area of triangle = ½ × base × height; area of circle = πr².

Mean = sum of values ÷ number of values; median = middle value when ordered; mode = most frequent value.

Ratio and proportion: a:b = c:d means ad = bc (cross multiplication).

Average speed = total distance ÷ total time; distance = speed × time.

Simple interest = principal × rate × time (I = Prt); rate and time must match units (annual rate with years).

Convert units by multiplying by a conversion factor where the unwanted unit cancels (e.g., 1 km = 1000 m).

States of matter: solid (fixed shape and volume), liquid (fixed volume, takes container shape), gas (fills container); changes: melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation.

Photosynthesis: plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen; occurs in chloroplasts containing chlorophyll.

Food chain order: producer → primary consumer → secondary consumer → decomposer; energy decreases at each level.

Cell parts: nucleus controls activities, cell membrane controls entry/exit, cytoplasm holds organelles; plant cells also have cell wall and chloroplasts.

Newton's laws: inertia (object at rest stays at rest), F = ma, and every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, collection; driven mainly by the sun's energy.

Human body systems: digestive (breaks down food), circulatory (transports blood), respiratory (gas exchange), nervous (controls and coordinates).

Force, motion, and energy: potential energy is stored, kinetic energy is energy of motion; heat transfers from hotter to cooler objects.

Ecosystem relationships: mutualism (both benefit), commensalism (one benefits, other unaffected), parasitism (one benefits, other harmed).

Philippine geography: 7,641 islands, 17 regions; Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao are the three main island groups.

Latitude measures distance north/south of the equator; longitude measures distance east/west of the Prime Meridian.

Climate types in the Philippines: Type I (two pronounced seasons), Type II (no dry season), Type III (short dry season), Type IV (rain evenly distributed).

Branches of government: Executive (President), Legislative (Congress: Senate and House), Judiciary (courts); separation of powers with checks and balances.

1987 Constitution: Bill of Rights guarantees life, liberty, property, and due process; suffrage age is 18.

Barangay is the smallest local government unit; officials include Punong Barangay and Sangguniang Barangay.

Map reading: scale shows distance ratio, legend explains symbols, compass rose shows direction (N, E, S, W).

Basic economic concepts: needs vs. wants, scarcity, supply and demand; opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative given up.

SMART goals: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound.

Decision-making steps: identify the problem, list options, weigh consequences, choose, act, and evaluate.

Communication skills: active listening (focus, nod, paraphrase), use 'I' statements to express feelings without blaming.

Time management: prioritize using urgent vs. important; break large tasks into smaller steps and set deadlines.

Health basics: balanced diet includes go (energy), grow (body-building), and glow (protective) foods; 8 hours of sleep recommended for adults.

First aid: for burns, cool with running water; for choking, back blows and abdominal thrusts; call emergency services for severe cases.

Personal finance: budget = income − expenses; save a portion regularly; distinguish needs from wants before spending.

Conflict resolution: stay calm, listen to both sides, focus on the problem not the person, and agree on a solution.