ALS A&E Elementary key terms

The most important point a paragraph or passage is trying to communicate. It is usually stated in a topic sentence or can be inferred from the details that support it.

A fact, example, or reason that explains or proves the main idea of a text. Details answer questions like who, what, when, where, or why.

A conclusion you reach by combining clues in the text with what you already know. The answer is not stated directly, so you must read between the lines.

The words and sentences around an unfamiliar word that help you guess its meaning. Examples, synonyms, and definitions in the sentence are common types of clues.

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word, such as big and large. Recognizing synonyms helps you understand and vary your writing.

A word that means the opposite of another word, such as hot and cold. Antonyms are often used in comparisons and contrast sentences.

The sentence, usually at the start of a paragraph, that states what the paragraph is about. The other sentences in the paragraph explain or support it.

A fact is a statement that can be proven true, while an opinion expresses a personal belief or feeling. Telling them apart helps you judge whether information is reliable.

The rule that a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb. For example, she writes but they write.

The form of a verb that shows when an action happens: past, present, or future. Correct tense keeps the timing of events clear in a sentence.

Salitang tumutukoy sa tao, bagay, hayop, lugar, o pangyayari, tulad ng guro, mesa, at Maynila. Ito ang madalas na paksa o simuno sa isang pangungusap.

Salitang nagsasaad ng kilos o galaw na ginagawa ng simuno, tulad ng tumakbo, kumain, at magsulat. Nagbabago ang anyo nito ayon sa panahunan.

Salitang naglalarawan o nagbibigay-turing sa pangngalan o panghalip, tulad ng maganda, mataas, at mabait. Sinasabi nito ang katangian ng tao, bagay, o lugar.

Salitang naglalarawan sa pandiwa, pang-uri, o kapwa pang-abay, tulad ng mabilis, bukas, at lubos. Sinasabi nito kung paano, kailan, o saan ginawa ang kilos.

Pagbabago ng anyo ng pandiwa upang ipakita kung tapos na, kasalukuyang ginagawa, o gagawin pa lamang ang kilos, tulad ng nagluto, nagluluto, at magluluto.

Ang simuno ang pinag-uusapan sa pangungusap, at ang panaguri ang nagsasabi ng tungkol dito. Halimbawa, sa Ang bata ay kumakain, ang bata ang simuno at kumakain ang panaguri.

Pariralang may malalim na kahulugan na hindi mababasa nang literal, tulad ng balat-sibuyas na nangangahulugang madaling masaktan. Karaniwang bahagi ito ng makulay na pananalita.

Paraan ng pagsasalita na gumagamit ng talinghaga upang maging masining ang wika, tulad ng pagtutulad at pagwawangis. Nagbibigay ito ng kulay at damdamin sa teksto.

Ang denotasyon ay literal na kahulugan ng salita, samantalang ang konotasyon ay ang karagdagang damdamin o palagay na kaakibat nito. Mahalaga ito sa pag-unawa ng tono ng teksto.

A number that shows part of a whole, written as one number over another, such as 3/4. The bottom number tells how many equal parts there are in all.

A way of writing numbers that uses a point to separate whole numbers from parts, such as 2.5. It is another way to express fractions with denominators of ten or powers of ten.

A number expressed as part of one hundred, shown with the percent sign, such as 25% meaning 25 out of 100. It is often used in discounts, interest, and statistics.

A ratio compares two quantities, such as 2 to 3, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal. These are used in scaling recipes, maps, and mixing solutions.

The sum of a set of numbers divided by how many numbers there are. It gives a single value that represents the middle of the group.

Perimeter is the total distance around the outside of a shape, while area is the amount of surface it covers. Perimeter uses length units and area uses square units.

The amount of space a solid figure occupies, measured in cubic units. It is found by multiplying length, width, and height for a rectangular box.

An orderly way of solving problems by asking a question, forming a hypothesis, testing it with an experiment, and drawing a conclusion from the results.

A possible answer to a scientific question that can be tested by an experiment. It is an educated guess based on observation and prior knowledge.

Any factor in an experiment that can change or be changed, such as temperature or amount of water. Keeping all but one the same makes results fair.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food and release oxygen. It happens mainly in the leaves.

A community of living things interacting with each other and with their nonliving surroundings, such as a pond or a forest. It includes plants, animals, water, soil, and air.

The path by which energy passes from one living thing to another, starting with plants and ending with predators. Arrows show what eats what.

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It exists as solid, liquid, or gas, and can change from one state to another when heated or cooled.

Weather is the condition of the air at a certain time and place, while climate is the usual pattern over many years. Climate changes slowly; weather changes daily.

Ang pinakamaliit na yunit ng pamahalaan sa Pilipinas, pinamumunuan ng kapitan at ng mga konsehal. Dito unang lumalapit ang mamamayan para sa mga serbisyo at proyekto.

The branch of government that runs provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. It collects local taxes and delivers services such as health, roads, and sanitation.

The legal membership of a person in a country, which gives rights such as voting and protection, and duties such as obeying laws and paying taxes.

The study of the country's location, landforms, bodies of water, and regions. The Philippines is an archipelago of more than 7,000 islands in Southeast Asia.

Rights are freedoms and protections a person is entitled to, while responsibilities are duties that come with them. For example, the right to vote comes with the duty to vote wisely.

Planning how to spend and save money by listing income and expenses. A budget helps a family cover needs first and avoid unnecessary debt.

Needs are things required for survival, such as food and shelter, while wants are things we desire but can live without. Knowing the difference helps in spending wisely.

Money set aside for future use instead of being spent now. Saving regularly in a bank or at home helps prepare for emergencies and goals.

Immediate, simple care given to an injured or sick person before professional help arrives. It can prevent the condition from getting worse.

Practices that keep the body clean and free from disease, such as handwashing, bathing, and eating safe food. Good habits protect both the person and the community.