ALS A&E Elementary flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Main idea

The central point or most important message of a paragraph or passage; all supporting details explain, prove, or illustrate it.

Context clues

Hints within a sentence or passage that help a reader figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar word, such as definitions, synonyms, antonyms, or examples.

Subject-verb agreement

The rule that a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb, regardless of words between them.

Active voice

A sentence structure in which the subject performs the action, as in 'The teacher explained the lesson.'

Fact versus opinion

A fact is a statement that can be verified with evidence; an opinion expresses a belief, feeling, or judgment that cannot be proven true or false.

Pangngalan

Salitang tumutukoy sa tao, bagay, hayop, lugar, o pangyayari. May dalawang uri: pantangi (tiyak na pangalan) at pambalana (karaniwang tawag).

Panghalip pamatlig

Panghalip na nagsasaad ng lokasyon ng bagay: ito (malapit sa nagsasalita), iyan (malapit sa kausap), iyon (malayo sa dalawa).

Aspekto ng pandiwa

Nagpapakita ng panahon ng kilos: pangnagdaan (tapos na), pangkasalukuyan (ginagawa pa), at panghinaharap (gagawin pa lamang).

Kaantasan ng pang-uri

Tatlong antas ng paglalarawan: lantay (payak), pahambing (paghahambing gamit ang mas o magkasing-), at pasukdol (pinakamataas gamit ang pinaka-).

Pangatnig

Salitang nag-uugnay ng mga salita, parirala, o sugnay sa isang pangungusap, tulad ng at, o, ngunit, dahil, kaya, at kung.

Order of operations

The sequence for evaluating expressions: parentheses first, then exponents, then multiplication and division left to right, then addition and subtraction left to right.

Percentage formula

Part = rate × base. To find the rate, divide the part by the base; to find the base, divide the part by the rate.

Area of a triangle

The area equals one-half multiplied by the base multiplied by the height: A = ½ × b × h.

Mean, median, mode

Mean is the sum of values divided by the count; median is the middle value when ordered; mode is the most frequent value.

Cross multiplication

A method for solving proportions where a:b = c:d means a × d = b × c, allowing you to find an unknown term.

Simple interest

Interest computed only on the principal: I = P × r × t, where r is the annual rate as a decimal and t is time in years.

Average speed

Total distance traveled divided by total time taken; the formula distance = speed × time can be rearranged to find any missing value.

States of matter

Solids have fixed shape and volume, liquids have fixed volume but take container shape, and gases fill their container; changes include melting, freezing, and evaporation.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and release oxygen, occurring in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll.

Food chain

A sequence showing energy flow from producers to consumers to decomposers, where energy decreases at each higher level.

Newton's second law

The acceleration of an object depends on its mass and the net force applied, expressed as force = mass × acceleration (F = ma).

Water cycle

The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection, driven mainly by energy from the sun.

Symbiotic relationships

Close interactions between organisms: mutualism benefits both, commensalism benefits one without harming the other, and parasitism benefits one while harming the other.

Philippine island groups

The Philippines has 7,641 islands organized into 17 regions and three main island groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.

Latitude and longitude

Latitude measures distance north or south of the equator; longitude measures distance east or west of the Prime Meridian.

Branches of government

The Executive (President) enforces laws, the Legislative (Congress) makes laws, and the Judiciary (courts) interprets laws, with checks and balances among them.

Barangay

The smallest local government unit in the Philippines, led by the Punong Barangay and the Sangguniang Barangay.

Opportunity cost

The value of the next best alternative given up when a choice is made, reflecting the trade-off involved in any decision.

SMART goals

A goal-setting framework where objectives are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound to make them clear and trackable.

Active listening

A communication skill involving full attention, nodding, and paraphrasing what the speaker said to confirm understanding.

Budget

A plan for managing money where expenses are subtracted from income; a balanced budget matches spending to available funds.

Conflict resolution

Resolving disagreements by staying calm, listening to both sides, focusing on the problem rather than the person, and agreeing on a solution.