ALS A&E Junior High cheat sheet

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; compound subjects joined by 'and' take plural verb; 'or/nor' follows nearest subject.

Tenses: simple past for completed actions, present perfect for past actions with present relevance (has/have + past participle), past perfect for earlier past (had + past participle).

Active voice: subject performs action; passive voice: subject receives action (be + past participle). Prefer active for clarity.

Punctuation: comma separates items in a series, sets off introductory phrases, and joins independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS).

Semicolon joins two independent clauses without a conjunction; colon introduces a list, explanation, or quotation.

In Filipino, 'ng' marks object or instrument (genitive/accusative), 'nang' marks manner or adverb; 'din' vs 'rin' depends on preceding sound (d vs r).

Filipino verb focus: actor-focus (um-, mag-) vs object-focus (-in, -an, i-) changes which noun is subject; choose based on emphasis.

Reading comprehension: identify main idea, supporting details, author's purpose (inform, persuade, entertain), and tone (formal, informal, sarcastic).

Context clues: definition (is/means), synonym (similar word), antonym (opposite), example (such as), and inference from surrounding sentences.

Scientific method steps: observe, question, hypothesize, experiment, collect data, analyze, conclude, communicate; hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable.

Variables: independent (manipulated), dependent (measured), controlled (kept constant) to ensure fair test.

Cell theory: all living things are made of cells; cell is basic unit of life; cells come from pre-existing cells.

Photosynthesis equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2; occurs in chloroplasts; respiration is reverse.

Newton's laws: 1) inertia (object at rest stays at rest unless net force acts), 2) F=ma, 3) action-reaction pairs equal and opposite.

Density = mass/volume; objects with density less than fluid float, greater sink.

Critical thinking: distinguish fact vs opinion, identify bias, evaluate source credibility (author, date, evidence), recognize logical fallacies (ad hominem, straw man, false dilemma).

Experimental error: random error affects precision; systematic error affects accuracy; repeat trials to reduce random error.

Ecosystems: producers (plants) → consumers (herbivores, carnivores) → decomposers; energy flows one way, matter cycles.

Order of operations: PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication/Division left to right, Addition/Subtraction left to right).

Percent problems: part = percent × whole; percent change = (new − old)/old × 100%.

Linear equation: y = mx + b, where m is slope (rise/run) and b is y-intercept; slope = (y2−y1)/(x2−x1).

Area formulas: rectangle A=lw; triangle A=½bh; circle A=πr²; circumference C=2πr.

Volume: rectangular prism V=lwh; cylinder V=πr²h; sphere V=4/3πr³.

Pythagorean theorem: a² + b² = c² for right triangles; c is hypotenuse.

Mean = sum/count; median = middle value when ordered; mode = most frequent; range = max − min.

Probability = number of favorable outcomes / total possible outcomes; independent events multiply probabilities.

Ratio and proportion: a/b = c/d → ad = bc; use cross-multiplication to solve for unknown.

SMART goals: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound.

Resume essentials: contact info, objective, education, skills, experience, references; keep to 1-2 pages, proofread.

Job interview: research company, prepare examples using STAR (Situation, Task, Action, Result), ask questions, send thank-you note.

Time management: Eisenhower Matrix (urgent/important), prioritize tasks, use to-do lists, set deadlines, avoid multitasking.

Budgeting: income − expenses = savings; track fixed vs variable expenses; emergency fund of 3-6 months' expenses.

Teamwork: clear communication, active listening, assign roles, respect diverse views, resolve conflict constructively.

Work ethics: punctuality, responsibility, integrity, professionalism, adaptability, continuous learning.

Entrepreneurial mindset: identify opportunities, assess risks, plan, innovate, persist, learn from failure.

Digital portfolio: curate best work, update regularly, use professional language, protect private information.

Self-concept: self-image (how you see yourself), self-esteem (how you value yourself), ideal self (who you want to be).

Socialization agents: family, school, peers, media, religion; shape values, norms, and identity.

Philippine Constitution: Bill of Rights guarantees due process, equal protection, freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and press.

Branches of government: Executive (President), Legislative (Congress: Senate & House), Judicial (courts); separation of powers and checks and balances.

Cultural relativism: understand practices within their cultural context; ethnocentrism judges other cultures by one's own standards.

Gender vs sex: sex is biological; gender is socially constructed roles and expectations.

Human rights: universal, inalienable, indivisible; include civil, political, economic, social, cultural rights.

Community engagement: volunteerism, civic participation, environmental stewardship, respect for diversity and inclusion.

Adolescent development: physical, cognitive, social, emotional changes; identity exploration (Erikson: identity vs role confusion).

Strong password: at least 12 characters, mix upper/lowercase, numbers, symbols; avoid personal info; use unique passwords per account; enable two-factor authentication.

Phishing signs: urgent requests, unknown sender, spelling errors, suspicious links, requests for personal info; verify before clicking.

Digital footprint: all online activity leaves a trace; post responsibly; privacy settings limit visibility but not absolute.

Copyright and fair use: respect intellectual property; cite sources; fair use allows limited use for education, commentary, criticism.

Netiquette: be respectful, avoid all caps, proofread, respect privacy, no cyberbullying, think before posting.

Evaluating websites: check author credibility, date, domain (.edu, .gov, .org vs .com), bias, references, and cross-verify with other sources.

Cloud storage: saves files online; benefits include access anywhere, backup, collaboration; risks include privacy and internet dependence.

Spreadsheet basics: cell reference (A1), formula starts with =, functions like SUM, AVERAGE, IF; relative vs absolute reference ($A$1).

Malware types: virus (attaches to files), worm (self-replicates), Trojan (disguised as legitimate), ransomware (encrypts files for payment); use antivirus and updates.