ALS A&E Junior High flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Subject-verb agreement rule

A singular subject takes a singular verb; a plural subject takes a plural verb. Compound subjects joined by 'and' take a plural verb; with 'or/nor', the verb agrees with the nearest subject.

Active vs passive voice

Active voice: subject performs the action (The dog chased the ball). Passive voice: subject receives the action (The ball was chased by the dog). Active is usually clearer and more direct.

Semicolon usage

A semicolon joins two independent clauses not connected by a coordinating conjunction. It can also separate items in a list that already contain commas.

Filipino 'ng' vs 'nang'

'Ng' marks a noun as object or instrument (genitive/accusative), e.g., 'kumain ng mansanas'. 'Nang' is an adverb marker for manner or repetition, e.g., 'tumakbo nang mabilis'.

Main idea identification

The main idea is the central point of a text. It is often stated in the first or last sentence of a paragraph; supporting details explain or prove it.

Hypothesis

A testable, falsifiable statement predicting the relationship between variables. It must be based on observations and be able to be supported or refuted by experiment.

Independent variable

The variable that the experimenter deliberately changes or manipulates to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2. Plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen in chloroplasts.

Newton's second law

Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma). The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to its mass.

Density

Density = mass / volume. It measures how much mass is packed into a given volume; objects less dense than a fluid float, more dense sink.

Logical fallacy: ad hominem

A fallacy that attacks the person making the argument rather than the argument itself. It is irrelevant to the truth of the claim.

Order of operations

PEMDAS: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division (left to right), Addition and Subtraction (left to right). It ensures a single correct answer to arithmetic expressions.

Slope of a line

Slope m = (y2 − y1)/(x2 − x1) = rise/run. It measures steepness; positive slope rises, negative slope falls, zero is horizontal, undefined is vertical.

Area of a triangle

Area = ½ × base × height. The height is perpendicular to the base. For a circle, area = πr²; for a rectangle, area = length × width.

Pythagorean theorem

In a right triangle, a² + b² = c², where c is the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) and a and b are the legs.

Mean, median, mode

Mean = sum ÷ count. Median = middle value when data are ordered. Mode = most frequent value. These are measures of central tendency.

Probability of independent events

For independent events, P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B). The outcome of one event does not affect the other.

SMART goals

Goals that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. This framework helps set clear and attainable objectives.

STAR interview method

A technique for answering behavioral interview questions: describe the Situation, Task, Action taken, and Result. It provides structured, evidence-based responses.

Emergency fund

Savings set aside to cover unexpected expenses or income loss, typically equal to three to six months of living expenses.

Eisenhower Matrix

A time-management tool that categorizes tasks by urgency and importance: do first (urgent+important), schedule (important, not urgent), delegate (urgent, not important), eliminate (neither).

Resume best practices

Keep resume to one or two pages, include contact info, objective, education, skills, experience, and references; use clear formatting and proofread for errors.

Self-concept components

Self-concept includes self-image (how you see yourself), self-esteem (how you value yourself), and ideal self (the person you aspire to be).

Bill of Rights

Article III of the Philippine Constitution guarantees fundamental rights such as due process, equal protection, freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and press.

Separation of powers

The division of government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each with distinct powers, to prevent abuse through checks and balances.

Cultural relativism

The principle that beliefs and practices should be understood within their own cultural context, rather than judged by the standards of another culture.

Gender vs sex

Sex refers to biological characteristics; gender refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female.

Socialization agents

Institutions and individuals that shape identity and values: family, school, peers, media, and religion. They transmit norms and culture.

Strong password

A password of at least 12 characters mixing uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and symbols, avoiding personal information, and unique per account; enable two-factor authentication.

Phishing

A cyberattack that tricks users into revealing sensitive information via fake emails or websites, often using urgent language and suspicious links. Verify sender before clicking.

Digital footprint

The trail of data you leave online through posts, searches, and interactions. It can be permanent and visible to others, affecting reputation.

Fair use

A legal doctrine allowing limited use of copyrighted material without permission for purposes such as education, criticism, comment, or news reporting.

Website credibility check

Evaluate author credentials, publication date, domain type (.edu, .gov, .org), bias, references, and cross-verify information with other reliable sources.