MTLE (Philippines PRC Health Exams) cheat sheet

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0–2, object permanence), preoperational (2–7, egocentrism, symbolic play), concrete operational (7–11, conservation), formal operational (11+).

Erikson's early psychosocial crises: trust vs. mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1–3), initiative vs. guilt (3–6), industry vs. inferiority (6–12).

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development is the gap between independent performance and performance with adult or peer scaffolding; private speech becomes inner speech.

Developmental milestones: two-word phrases near 24 months, 50-word vocabulary near 18–24 months, pincer grasp near 9–12 months, symbolic play emerges around 18–24 months.

DAP decision cycle: know child development and each child's strengths/needs, know the social and cultural context, then set goals and design experiences.

Early literacy predictors: phonological awareness, print concepts, alphabet knowledge, oral vocabulary, and invented spelling with letter-sound correspondence.

Attachment patterns (Ainsworth): secure, avoidant, resistant/ambivalent, disorganized; secure attachment predicts later social competence.

Play taxonomy: solitary, parallel, associative, cooperative - cooperative play with shared goals typically appears around ages 4–5.

Reading stages: alphabetic principle and decoding (K–2), fluency and comprehension strategy use (2–4), reading to learn across content areas (4–6).

Five components of reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.

Comprehension strategies to model: predicting, questioning, visualizing, summarizing, monitoring, and making text-to-self/text/world connections.

Writing process stages: prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing; revision changes content, editing corrects conventions.

Place value and base-ten understanding precede standard algorithms; concrete-to-representational-to-abstract (CRA) sequencing supports number sense.

Formative assessment informs instruction during learning; summative assessment measures mastery at the end of a unit.

Learning objective components: observable behavior, condition, and criterion (e.g., 'given 20 problems, student solves 18 correctly').

Inquiry science cycle: question, investigate, explain, elaborate, evaluate; hands-on data collection precedes claim-evidence reasoning.

Adolescent brain development: prefrontal cortex matures later than the limbic system, so risk-taking and peer influence peak before impulse control matures.

Marzano's instructional strategies include identifying similarities/differences, summarizing, nonlinguistic representations, cooperative learning, and setting objectives with feedback.

Bloom's revised taxonomy order: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create.

Differentiation modifies content, process, or product based on readiness, interest, and learning profile.

Backward design (Wiggins & McTighe): identify desired results, determine acceptable evidence, then plan learning experiences.

Formative feedback should be specific, timely, and goal-referenced; grades alone do not improve performance as much as descriptive feedback.

Disciplinary literacy: each content area has its own text structures and practices (e.g., lab reports in science, sourcing in history).

Classroom management: clear procedures and high expectations with high warmth; proximity and non-verbal cues are low-disruption interventions.

Three-circle model of agricultural education: classroom/laboratory instruction, Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE), and FFA student leadership.

SAE types: exploratory, placement, entrepreneurship, research/experimentation, and service learning.

FFA degrees progress: Greenhand, Chapter, State, American; the American FFA Degree is the highest national award.

Soil texture triangle classifies soil by percentages of sand, silt, and clay; loam is a balanced mixture with good water-holding and drainage.

Essential plant nutrients: primary macronutrients N-P-K; secondary Ca, Mg, S; micronutrients include Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Cl.

Soil pH affects nutrient availability; most agronomic crops perform best near pH 6.0–7.0, and lime raises pH while sulfur lowers it.

Animal digestion: ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) ferment feed in a four-compartment stomach; monogastrics (swine, poultry) do not.

Integrated pest management ranks controls: cultural, mechanical, biological, then chemical as a last resort.

Accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity; every transaction keeps it in balance.

Debit/credit rules: debits increase assets and expenses; credits increase liabilities, equity, and revenue.

Income statement equation: Revenue − Expenses = Net Income; the balance sheet reports assets, liabilities, and equity at a point in time.

Break-even point in units = fixed costs ÷ (price per unit − variable cost per unit).

Gross profit = revenue − cost of goods sold; gross margin = gross profit ÷ revenue.

Supply rises with price and demand falls with price; equilibrium is the price where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.

Simple interest: I = P × r × t; compound interest grows faster because interest earns interest.

Business structures: sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, and LLC differ in liability, taxation, and continuity.

Mole conversions: 1 mol = 6.022 × 10^23 particles = molar mass in grams = 22.4 L of ideal gas at STP.

Ideal gas law: PV = nRT; R = 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K) or 8.314 J/(mol·K), with temperature in kelvin.

Molarity = moles of solute ÷ liters of solution; dilution: M1V1 = M2V2.

pH = −log[H+]; pOH = −log[OH−]; pH + pOH = 14 at 25 °C.

Le Chatelier's principle: adding reactant shifts right, raising pressure shifts toward fewer gas moles, raising temperature favors the endothermic direction.

Strong acids/bases ionize completely; weak ones reach equilibrium described by Ka or Kb.

Oxidation is loss of electrons and reduction is gain (OIL RIG); oxidizing agents are reduced.

Periodic trends: atomic radius decreases across a period and increases down a group; electronegativity and ionization energy rise across a period.

Literary devices: metaphor (direct comparison), simile (like/as), personification, hyperbole, symbolism, and irony (verbal, situational, dramatic).

Narrative arc: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution; conflict types are person vs. self, person, nature, or society.

Point of view: first person, second person, third-person limited, third-person omniscient, and objective.

Essay structure: thesis, topic sentences, evidence, analysis, and conclusion; argument needs claim, evidence, and reasoning.

Rhetorical appeals: ethos (credibility), pathos (emotion), logos (logic); rhetorical devices include repetition, parallelism, and rhetorical questions.

Grammar: a sentence fragment lacks a subject or predicate; a run-on joins independent clauses without proper punctuation.

Citing sources in MLA style includes author, title, container, publisher, and date, with in-text author-page citations.

Text complexity is judged by quantitative measures (readability), qualitative features (structure, knowledge demands), and reader/task considerations.

Touch-typing home row: A S D F (left hand) and J K L ; (right hand); F and J carry tactile bumps.

Correct keyboarding posture: feet flat, wrists neutral and not resting on the desk, elbows near 90 degrees, eyes on the screen.

Digital citizenship topics: internet safety, privacy, cyberbullying, digital footprint, copyright, and netiquette.

Binary is base 2 (0/1); a byte is 8 bits; one hexadecimal digit represents 4 bits.

File extensions map to types: .docx word processing, .xlsx spreadsheet, .pptx presentation, .pdf portable document, .csv comma-separated values.

Spreadsheet cell references: relative (A1) changes when copied, absolute ($A$1) stays fixed; formulas begin with '='.

Network basics: LAN is local, WAN is wide; IP addresses identify devices, DNS translates domain names to IP addresses, HTTPS encrypts traffic.

Computational thinking components: decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithm design.

Elements of dance: body, action, space, time, and energy (the BASTE framework).

Space concepts: level (high/middle/low), direction, pathway, shape, size, and focus.

Time concepts: tempo, beat, meter, duration, accent, and rhythmic pattern.

Energy/force qualities: sustained, percussive, swinging, suspended, vibratory, and collapsing.

Choreographic devices: repetition, retrograde, inversion, canon, augmentation, diminution, and theme and variation.

Safe practice: warm-up raises core temperature and mobility, cool-down restores heart rate; alignment protects the spine and knees.

Dance notation systems include Labanotation and Benesh Movement Notation.

Responding to dance uses describe, analyze, interpret, and evaluate, grounded in observed movement evidence.

NAEYC accreditation standards center on relationships, curriculum, teaching, assessment, health, teachers, families, community, and leadership.

Health/safety ratios: infant rooms typically require 1 adult per 4 infants; toddler and preschool ratios tighten with younger ages and follow state licensing.

Developmental screening (e.g., ASQ) identifies possible delays; diagnostic evaluation (e.g., Bayley) confirms eligibility for services.

IDEA Part C serves infants and toddlers (0–3) through Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSPs); Part B serves ages 3–21 through IEPs.

Observation methods: running record (narrative), anecdotal record (brief incident), time sampling, event sampling, and checklist.

Emergent literacy: oral language, phonological awareness, concepts of print, and letter knowledge develop before conventional reading.

Family engagement practices: home visits, daily communication logs, family conferences, and culturally responsive two-way communication.

Child guidance: positive behavior support, redirection, natural/logical consequences, and modeling rather than punishment.

Rock cycle: igneous forms from cooling magma/lava, sedimentary from compaction and cementation of sediments, metamorphic from heat and pressure.

Plate boundaries: divergent (new crust, mid-ocean ridges), convergent (subduction, mountains, volcanoes), transform (strike-slip earthquakes).

Seismic waves: P waves arrive first and travel through solids and liquids; S waves arrive second and cannot travel through liquids.

Earth's layers: crust, mantle, outer core (liquid), inner core (solid); the lithosphere includes crust plus uppermost mantle.

Moon phases result from the Moon's orbital position relative to Earth and Sun; a solar eclipse occurs at new moon, a lunar eclipse at full moon.

Kepler's laws: orbits are ellipses, equal areas are swept in equal times, and T² is proportional to a³.

Weather vs. climate: weather is short-term atmospheric state; climate is long-term average and variability, typically over 30 years.

Relative dating principles: superposition, original horizontality, cross-cutting relationships, and faunal succession; radiometric dating gives absolute ages.

Number and operations progression: counting and cardinality, operations and algebraic thinking, base ten, fractions, then ratios and proportional reasoning.

Fractions: a/b means a parts of size 1/b; equivalent fractions multiply numerator and denominator by the same nonzero number.

Area of a rectangle = length × width; perimeter is the distance around; volume = length × width × height.

Scientific method sequence: question, hypothesis, experiment with variables, data collection, analysis, conclusion.

Map skills: cardinal directions, scale, legend/key, and latitude/longitude grid; equator is 0° latitude, prime meridian is 0° longitude.

Social studies strands: civics, economics, geography, history, and behavioral sciences.

Assessment types: norm-referenced compares to a norm group; criterion-referenced measures mastery of specific standards.

Response to Intervention tiers: Tier 1 core instruction, Tier 2 targeted small-group support, Tier 3 intensive individualized intervention.